Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

灰色市场下考虑非对称信息的制造商质量披露及定价策略

针对灰色市场条件下产品质量为非对称信息的情形,构建由一个制造商、一个灰色市场投机者和顾客组成的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了制造商的质量披露及定价策略.研究表明,在产品质量和低价市场顾客支付意愿较低时,制造商的质量披露策略是向顾客隐藏质量信息,反之则向顾客披露质量信息;在定价策略方面,随着低价市场顾客支付意愿的提高,制造商可通过不断缩小高、低价两个市场的价格差与灰市投机者进行竞争.进一步地,通过与产品质量对称信息情形对比分析发现,虽然非对称信息情形下制造商具有信息优势,但制造商不一定能够获得更高的利润,且其利润并不总是受到灰市投机者的影响.最后,通过将模型进一步扩展到制造商进行质量研发,即质量为内生时的情形,结果表明上述研究结论具有较好的一致性和普适性,可为灰色市场下制造商质量披露与定价提供有益的管理启示.     

Chiral pyrrolidine-azole conjugates: Simple and efficient asymmetric organocatalysts for Michael addition to nitrostyrenes

Simple pyrrolidine-azole conjugates have been synthesized and found to be efficient catalysts for asymmetric Michael addition to nitrostyrenes. The identified optimal catalysts, pyrrolidine-azoles 2, 8 and 13, could catalyze the asymmetric Michael addition of a range of Michael donors and nitrostyrenes in high yields (up to 99%) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to 99:1 dr and 97% ee).     

一种加法交换律和结合律的验证方法

依据"数位对齐、逢十进一"的运算法则,结合十进制加法表,给出了验证加法交换律与结合律的一种方法。     

Consecutive tracking for ballistic missile based on bearings-only during boost phase

This paper proposes a modified centralized shifted Rayleigh filter(MCSRF) algorithm for tracking boost phase of ballistic missile(BM) trajectory with a highly nonlinear dynamical model based on bearings-only.This paper contributes three folds.Firstly,the mathematical model of an MCSRF for multiple passive sensors is derived.Then,minimum entropy based onedimensional optimization search to adaptively adjust the probability of the different filters for real time state estimation is deployed.Finally,the unscented transform(UT) is introduced to resolve the asymmetric state estimation problem.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can consecutively track the BM precisely during the boost phase.In comparison with the unscented Kalman filter(UKF) algorithm,the proposed algorithm effectively reduces the tracking position and velocity root mean square(RMS) errors,which will make more sense for early precision interception.     

Abel加半群局部化及性质

本文将Abel加半群引入一种局部化方法,建立了局部化与张量积的关系,证明了平坦半群的局部化也平坦,并证明局部化函子是正合的共变函子且自然等价于一个单侧张量积函子.     

波纹管受非轴对称载荷作用时的非线性计算

基于小应变、中等转角的假设，用有限元法对波纹管的非轴对称几何非线性特性作了分析研究。采用三节点曲边壳元，位移、转角在总体坐标系下独立插值，并用牛顿迭代法进行非线性迭代，所有外载均按比例增加。由于在通常情况下，波纹管的角向、横向位移具有一个对称面，所以对位移和应力的周向展开采用了一种特殊的形式。