不同林地清理和培肥措施对桉树人工林植物多样性的影响

【目的】探讨不同林地清理方式下不同培肥措施对植物多样性的作用规律,为桉树人工林的可持续经营提供理论依据。【方法】基于两种不同林地清理(火烧清理和人工清理)和3种不同培肥措施(加炭C、加氮N和套种绿肥)处理试验,比较研究不同林地清理和培肥措施的独立和交互作用对桉树人工林下植物多样性的影响。【结果】火烧清理和人工清理4年后,火烧清理林地的物种丰富度显著低于人工清理林地(P0.001);两种清理方式下加C、加N和套种绿肥均明显改变植物群落的组成和结构,但优势种保持不变,均为蔓生莠竹、弓果黍、小花露籽草和五节芒(套种绿肥中的小花露籽草除外),显著降低植物多样性指数(包括Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数);两种清理方式各处理林下植物功能群谱完全相同,均表现为禾草植物木本植物蕨类植物藤本植物杂草植物入侵植物;两因素方差分析表明,火烧清理和人工清理条件下,加C、加N、套种绿肥处理均极显著影响林下植物多样性指数,林地清理方式与不同处理的交互作用也对林下植物多样性指数产生极显著的影响。【结论】火烧和人工清理林地及加C、加N、套种绿肥等培肥措施对林下植物多样性存在显著影响。从维护生物多样性的视角出发,在桉树人工林的经营中应尽量减少加C、加N和套种绿肥等培肥措施的应用。     

Diet comparison between rainforest and cave populations of Craugastor alfredi (Anura: Craugastoridae): does diet vary in contrasting habitats?

Information about interpopulational variation of diet is important for thoroughly understanding the ecological niche of a species, the possible attributes that have allowed it to live in different habitats and ecosystems (if it is the case) and the degree of dietary specialization. This study compared dietary composition and diversity, size of prey consumed and feeding intensity between two geographically proximate populations of Craugastor alfredi, inhabiting contrasting habitats: one located in a remnant tropical rainforest and the other population located within a cave entrance, in eastern Mexico. A total of 118 frogs (50 from rainforest and 68 from cave) were stomach-flushed and, from those, 86 had at least one prey item (42 from rainforest and 44 from cave). Consumption proportions of orthopterans differed between habitats, with frogs from the cave having higher importance values of this prey than frogs from the rainforest. Additionally, both dietary diversity and feeding intensity were higher in the rainforest population. It was concluded that the generalized diet of C. alfredi, besides the high consumption of orthopterans by the cave population, may have contributed to its success in cave entrances. Nonetheless, other non-feeding attributes like small body size, direct development and semiarboreality may also facilitate the use of rock crevices in caves for foraging and reproduction.     

Cubitermes subarquatus termitaries as shelters for soil fauna in African rainforests

Most soil fauna in tropical rainforests require a pre-existing shelter for at least part of their life cycles. Among termites and ants, the most frequently encountered taxa, the availability of appropriate nesting sites is a major factor controlling the multiplication of colonies. Work carried out in five forests in southern Cameroon indicates that termitaries of Cubitermes subarquatus, whether active or abandoned, provide shelter for large numbers of invasive invertebrates, particularly ants and other termite species, and may be a determining factor in the patchy distribution of many taxa. Dissections of 90 termitaries (65 active, 25 abandoned) produced a great diversity of invasive fauna, including 354 ant colonies representing 75 species in 31 genera. Ants occurred in all abandoned termitaries but 6·1% of active termitaries had no ants present. Nevertheless, in total active termitaries sheltered more ant colonies (273) than did abandoned ones (81). Every termitary examined also sheltered founding pairs or incipient colonies of alien termites, but active C. subarquatus termitaries yielded fewer mature colonies of alien termites (56·9%) than did abandoned ones (84%).     

基于高通量测序技术的阳极生物膜群落结构

利用高通量测序技术对阳极生物膜的微生物群落结构进行了分析.实验结果表明,高通量测序能够高效地获取电化学生物膜的群落结构信息,产电模式菌Geobacter属在生物膜中占据着优势地位,其数量比例达到30%左右,其次的主要菌属为Thermovirga,Thauera和Syntrophorhabdus.对比电化学活性丧失前后的生物膜发现,虽然Geobacter菌属在丧失了电化学活性的生物膜中仍然占据统治地位,但是放线菌门的细菌增长显著,其数量比例远高于正常阳极生物膜的0.5%,有可能是抑制生物膜电化学活性的因素之一.     

浙江嵊泗小洋山岛植物分布特点和环境因子分析

浙江嵊泗小洋山岛发育至今,生物、非生物环境因子起着重要作用.其中,成岛年龄、高程、土壤种类、土壤养分、土壤含盐量、土壤p H值等影响着植物群落的形成、定居与演替.在多年野外调查基础上,以时空跨度,运用PC-ORD生态学多变量分析软件中的典范对应分析(CCA)二维排序方法,阐述了小洋山岛植物群落结构和植物多样性,并对该岛植物群落的演替现状和植被恢复进行了二维排序分析.结果表明:(1)小洋山岛植物群落结构复杂多样有维管植物300种;(2)人们对小洋山岛进行各种建设的同时且先锋植物群正在发生,并为研究分析该岛植被恢复及其整个生态系统提供了基础资料.     

2.4GHz非对称缝隙波导天线设计

无线网络技术在近年得到蓬勃发展,而目前无线设备的天线限制了无线通信系统的性能.针对现有无线局域网设备天线增益效果差、传输距离短、成本较高的不足,采用波导缝隙天线原理设计用于2.4 GHz的无线网络通信的非对称波导缝隙天线,为适应不同场合使用要求,设计了6种造型.在理论设计的基础上,采用常见铝合金材料,使用数控铣床加工出试验品,经反复试验和优化,制作出较为成熟的产品.在校园内架设试验网络测试表明:天线增益效果明显,信号传输距离和范围与现有产品比较有很大提升,稳定性好,抵抗恶劣环境能力较强,能够满足正常使用要求,材料成本低廉,便于生产加工.     

基于POD同工酶对石蒜属种间和石蒜居群间进化关系的研究

对石蒜属(Lycoris)9个种和石蒜(L.radiata)16个居群的POD同工酶酶谱进行了分析和比较.结果表明:(1)石蒜属植物共显示出24条酶带(种间和居群间各12条),其中五条是特征酶带(种间和居群分别为3条和2条).(2)石蒜属9个种可分为两类:一类由具有两型核型结构(V型和I型)的7个种所组成:即中国石蒜L.chinensis、忽地笑L.aurea、长筒石蒜L.longituba、鹿葱L.squamigera、安徽石蒜L.anhuiensis、香石蒜L.incarnata、乳白石蒜L.albiflora;另一类由具单型核型结构(I型)的2个种所组成:即石蒜L.radiata、换锦花L.sprengeri.其中,中国石蒜和忽地笑亲缘关系最近,与形态学和细胞学研究结果相近.(3)石蒜POD同工酶变异比较丰富,与石蒜染色体核型和数量多样性相符.POD同工酶研究显示石蒜居群间遗传距离与地理距离不存在相关性.研究结果表明同工酶变异分析可以作为探讨石蒜属种间亲缘关系和石蒜遗传多样性的有效手段.     

全分集协作系统C-HARQ方案的设计及性能

为了进一步提高全分集协作(FDC)系统的可靠性和有效性,提出了两种协作混合自动请求重传(C-HARQ)方案.定长帧协作混合重传(FFC-HARQ)方案在不改变全分集协作系统原有帧结构的基础上,使用一定的检错重传策略提高系统吞吐量;变长帧协作混合重传(VFC-HARQ)方案则改变原有帧结构,进一步提高系统吞吐量.利用马尔...     

Mitochondrial DNA variation analysis suggests extreme low genetic diversity in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus brelichi）

Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) is a unique, endangered primate in China, mainly distributed in Fanjing Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guizhou Province, in an area of 275 km2. Recently, habitat loss and fragmentation have caused population isolation. To assess genetic diversity within this species and its population structure, we sequenced 400 bp of the hypervariable I segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region for 128 individuals. Only one haplotype was identified from these individuals. Compared with other primate species, R. brelichi can be regarded as a species with very low genetic diversity, which further adds to the conservation concern.     

A survey of next generation mobile communications research in China

With the rapid development of wireless communication networks, the fourth generation (4G) has emerged to move beyond the limitations of the third generation (3G), with increased bandwidth, enhanced quality of services, and reduced costs of resources. In this paper, we discuss the key technologies of 4G and focus on surveying the ongoing research in 4G communications in China. The 4G technologies under investigation include multicarrier transmission, multiple antenna techniques, carrier aggregation, relays, cognitive radio, distributed antenna systems, network convergence, and network self-optimization. These technologies are the building blocks of 4G and contribute largely to the requirements of International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced). For each technology, its benefits, research topics, and some existing approaches are examined. Finally, we briefly discuss the challenges and future research issues in 4G systems.