高寒草地牧业生态经济复合系统价值流的定量分析

以玛曲县畜牧业经济为研究对象 ,从生态经济学角度 ,提出了以货币为计量标度的生态经济复合系统中的价值流的概念 .定量分析了一个以草地牧业为主的高寒牧区生态经济复合系统中单位面积上能量流过程和价值流过程 .建立了价值流的“反金字塔效应”模式 ,并根据样区的调查结果 ,对价值流变化规律进行了定量分析 .该结果可用于指导牧业生产实践 .     

Organic acids: Differences in ice core records between Glacier 1, Tianshan, China and the polar areas

Formate (HCOO-), acetate (CH₃COO-), oxalate (C₂O₄^2-) and pyruvate ((CO)C₂O₄^2-) are detected in a 14.08-m-long ice core recovered in Glacier 1 at the Urumqi riverhead, Tianshan, China, which is a mid-latitude alpine glacier (43°06′N, 86°49′E). the mean concentrations for the four organic acids in recent four decades are (102.8±147.3), (392.3±390.8), (6.9±14.8) and (4.2±8.3) ng/g, respectively, with the ratio for HCOO^-/CH₃COO^- of 0.34 ± 0.43. They represent the major acid components, and originate mainly from anthropogenic emission in the nearby industrial cities. Compared with Greenland and Antarctica, Glacier 1 is much higher in carboxylic acids, which were not subjected to long distance transportation as well as complicated atmospheric reactions. The alpine glacier can be, therefore, useful to reconstructing human pollution scenario to the regional atmosphere.     

青藏高原高寒草甸土发生季节性潜育化及其生态学意义

为了探究青藏高原高寒草甸非水成化土壤是否发生潜育化, 在2013年12月至2014年3月非生长季的野外观测过程中, 发现青藏高原东北部高寒草甸非水成化土壤存在季节性潜育化, 主要由较高的有机质含量以及土壤季节性冻融产生的厌氧环境造成。在土壤腐殖质层观察到铁锰结核和胶膜层, 呈蓝灰色, 潜育类型属于轻潜型和假潜育型。通过分析得出, 土壤潜育化主要发生在土壤季节性冻融期间, 潜育层厚度与冻融层厚度之间显著正相关。2014年1月的取样分析结果显示, 潜育化显著降低微生物生物量碳, 提高了活性态铁锰含量、阳离子交换量和有效磷含量。季节性潜育化可能对冻融过程中微生物群落结构、根系动态、温室气体排放以及养分循环等方面产生重要影响。由于潜育化只发生在非生长季, 这一现象容易被忽略, 但其对土壤生态过程产生的影响值得关注。     

青海高寒地区西杂和荷杂犏牛生长发育指标测定

对青南地区和环湖地区的西杂和荷杂公牛与牦牛杂交所生犏牛的生长发育进行了测定,并与同龄牦牛进行比较,结果表明:初生、6月龄、18月龄、30月龄荷杂犏和西杂犏所有体尺体重指标均极显著的高于对照组牦牛(P<0.01);初生、6月龄、18月龄荷杂犏和西杂犏体重均无显著差异(P>0.05);犏牛初生体重大于牦牛,生长发育快,杂种优势明显,至18月龄,两种犏牛平均体重比牦牛高51.05 kg;到30月龄时,两种犏牛平均体重比牦牛高90.0 kg,比牦牛体重高出51.50%。     

九龙牦牛引进到青海大通和甘南地区的适应性观测

１９８８年４～５月对引进到青海大通牛场和甘南藏族自治州的九龙牦牛的适应性、生长发育、生产性能与行为表现等进行了调查、观察和测定，并对其生理指标进行了测定，结果表明，在青海高原的生态条件下，九龙牦牛是适应的，生长发育良好，并表现出良好的产毛绒性能。     

Influences of the degradation of swamp and alpine meadows on CO2 emission during growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

CO2 emission fluxes of two types of ecosystem, swamp meadow and alpine meadow, in the Fenghuo- shan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied by the static chamber-portable infrared chro- matographic method. The results showed that there was large difference in the CO2 emission fluxes between the two ecosystems and in the same ecosystem of different degradation degrees. CO2 emis- sion flux of the swamp meadow gradually decreased with increasing degradation degree, while that of the alpine meadow gradually increased with increasing degradation degree except in May. The CO2 emission flux of undegraded swamp meadow was 65.1%―80.3% higher than that of undegraded alpine meadow; and the CO2 emission flux of moderately degraded swamp meadow was 22.1%―67.5% higher than that of alpine meadow; but the CO2 emission flux of severely degraded alpine meadow was 14.3%―29.5% higher than that of swamp meadow. The soil moisture content and temperature in the upper 5 cm soil layer and above-ground biomass were significantly correlated with the CO2 emission fluxes and regarded as the main environment factors to control the CO2 emission.     

Study on the Technology of Restoration and Giving a New Lease of Life to the Alpine Grassland Vegetation in the Constuction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1BasicBackgroundoftheExperi mentalStudy1.1TheBasisandPurposeoftheStudyTheconstructionoftheQinghai TibetRailwayistheensuranceoftheprosperityandsustainable developmentofQinghaiProvinceandTibetAutonomousRegion.Throughscientificandexperimentalstudyandtheapplicationofnew technology,strengtheningtheprotectionofecologicalenvironmentandtherestorationofthesurfacevegetationaftertheconstructionaretheimportantworkcontentofbuildingtheQinghai TibetRailwayintotherailwayofenvironmentalprotection.Ontheq…     

黄河源区湿地及邻近草甸土壤糖类含量比较

通过分析黄河源区湿地及其邻近草甸土壤糖类含量差异用于评价源区湿地的健康状态。试验采用苯酚—硫酸法测定了黄河源区不同湿地和邻近草甸0~20 cm土壤的单糖含量和0~30 cm土壤的多糖含量。结果表明:湿地土壤0~20 cm的单糖含量为20.01~133.52 mg/kg;邻近草甸土壤0~20 cm的单糖含量为35.53~120.81 mg/kg。湿地土壤0~30 cm的多糖含量为78.01~805.21 mg/kg;邻近草甸土壤0~30 cm的多糖含量为109.93~553.89 mg/kg。不同类型湿地及其邻近湿地土壤单糖含量均随土壤深度的增加而减少,而湿地和草甸同一层的差异随湿地类型而异。河流湿地和沼泽湿地土壤多糖含量高于邻近草甸的,但湖泊湿地中邻近草甸多糖含量均高于湿地土壤含量。     

高寒草地植物生态位适宜度与生产力和多样性的关系及其对放牧的响应

通过对高寒草地不同生境下植物生态位适宜度与生产力(地上生物量)及物种多样性(Shannon多样性指数)关系的研究表明:适宜度与生产力和多样性之间的总体关系均呈正的线性关系,牧草生长的适宜度决定着生产力和多样性,适宜度高的样区生产力和多样性亦高,它们之间整体上呈现出同步性.而在生境梯度上,适宜度值与生产力和多样性变化均呈显著差异,在实验研究的滩地、阳坡和阴坡地3种生境中,以阴坡地植物的适宜度最大,其生产力和多样性也最高,表明阴坡地牧草生长对环境条件的适宜程度最好.控制放牧的计算结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,适宜度呈下降趋势,其生产力和多样性均有显著减少;在不放牧、轻牧、中牧和重牧4种处理中,以轻牧效果最好,具有推广应用价值.以上结果能够为高寒草地的保护和持续利用提供理论与定量依据.     

放牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响

对青藏高原四种不同放牧强度(围栏封育、轻牧、中牧和重牧)高寒草甸的土壤酶活性、土壤养分和植被群落特征进行了研究,探讨了不同放牧强度土壤酶活性和土壤养分及植被群落的相关性.结果表明:各样地土壤酶活性、士壤养分和植被群落特征有较大差异.土壤纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性与土壤有机质、速效氮质量分数及地上生物量变化一致,表现为围栏封育>轻牧>中牧>重牧,然而脲酶活性的变化趋势正好与之相反,表现为随着放牧强度的增加而增加.酸性磷酸酶活性和地下生物量变化一致,表现为轻牧>围栏封育>中牧>重牧.经分析,土壤酶活性和土壤养分密切相关,其中土壤淀粉酶和脲酶活性与土壤养分和植被特征的相关性最好,因此这两种酶活性可以作为评价青藏高原高寒草甸土壤质量的指标之一.