颅脑损伤昏迷患者肠内营养并发症的预见性护理

目的：探讨颅脑损伤昏迷患者肠内营养并发症的预见性护理.方法：对2010-10～2011-02内蒙古民族大学附属医院神经外科收住的29例颅脑损伤患者肠内营养并发症的预防及护理进行回顾性分析总结.结果：27例患者好转出院,2例自动出院,评估患者胃肠功能正常,机体营养状况良好.结论：预见性护理可以有效减少颅脑损伤昏迷患者肠内营养并发症的发生,使肠内营养支持顺利进行,有效减轻机体损耗,从而降低颅脑损伤患者的病死率及病残率.     

Breeding biology of the Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca) in southeast Brazil

ABSTRACT

Thraupis is a genus of the American endemic Thraupidae (subfamily Thraupinae), comprising seven species that inhabit tropical forests to urban centres. The Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca) is a disturbance-tolerant species of high representativeness in plant-frugivore networks, but information on its breeding biology is scarce and often restricted to non-systematic surveys. We studied the breeding biology of the T. sayaca, following 39 active nests in a periurban area of southeast Brazil during two breeding seasons (2017/2018, 2018/2019). The breeding season ranged from early September to middle December, and the nests were placed in native and exotic plants and human buildings (nest height above ground: 3.35 ± 1.73 m, mean ± SD). Only females incubated and brooded, but both adults built the nests, fed the nestlings, and removed their faecal sacs. Clutch size was 2.86 ± 0.38 eggs and nest attentiveness was 71.2%. The incubation and nestling periods were, respectively, 13.4 and 17.4 days. Males and females did not differ on nestling provisioning and nest sanitation rates. Nestling provisioning (13.35 ± 6.25 trips/hour) increased with nestling age, while mean brooding time was 37.2% and decreased with nestling age. Apparent nest success was 38.7%, and nest survival according to the Mayfield method was 27.2%. Five nests (20.8%) were parasitised by the Shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), and we recorded five events of nest-site reuse. We concluded that the most remarkable breeding traits of T. sayaca in comparison with close-related tanagers are the use of anthropogenic nest sites, the higher clutch size and number of feeding trips, and the longer nestling period.     

抗战时期国民政府的军人优抚安置制度述评

抗战时期，国民政府制定和采取了一系列军人优抚安置措施，在一定程度上强化了民国时期的优抚安置制度。然而，由于抗战时期国民政府政治腐败和经济困难等方面的原因，军人的优待和抚恤政策并没有得到广泛实施。     

抗战时期甘南藏区医疗卫生建设研究

近代以来，由于深刻而复杂的历史原因，甘南藏区各类疫病横行，人畜死亡率很高，这严重影响着藏区社会经济发展。面临这种严峻的形势，抗战时期随着开发西北计划的付诸实施，国民党中央政府和甘肃省地方政府特别重视藏区的医疗卫生事宜，通过设立医院、派员巡回施诊、培养地方人才和宣传教育等形式，推行医疗卫生工作。这些举措逐渐改变着藏区民众传统的卫生观念，在一定程度上改善了藏区的医疗卫生条件，减轻了流行疫病对人畜的威胁。     

Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal

ABSTRACT

In sex-role-reversed systems, males carry out all parental care duties, forgoing further mating opportunities. Cases of complete sex-role reversal have not been reported in anurans. We describe the parental care behaviour of the leaf-litter frog Limnonectes palavanensis, a Bornean endemic with egg-guarding and tadpole transport, possibly the first anuran with sex-role reversal. In this study, we tested one of the predictions of the sex-role reversal hypothesis: males invest more in parental care than females do, and this prevents them from quickly acquiring additional mates. We observed egg-guarding behaviour in captivity to determine the length and intensity of parental care. Also, we describe the tadpole climbing and tadpole transport behaviour. We found that males perform all of the parental duties, remaining with the clutch until hatching. They do not call during this time, nor do they care for more than one clutch at a time. Observations of tadpole transport in the field indicate that all tadpoles in the clutch are retrieved at once. The behaviour of males during tadpole retrieval suggests that they stimulate synchronous hatching. Together, these results indicate that the male parental expenditure in this species is high, resulting in lost mating opportunities. The prolonged male-only parental care behaviour of this species satisfies an important criterion for the occurrence of sex-role reversal.     

论李白从浪漫主义到现实主义诗风的转变

在浪漫主义诗人李白一生的创作中,出现了不少现实主义的力作,这些诗作滋生的土壤是李白复杂多变的人生际遇。中年的诗人李白以不世之才自居,跻身仕途,却屡屡碰壁;晚年的李白命运多舛,把对生命遭际的慨叹化作对现实的关注,使浪漫主义诗人的作品中凸现出现实主义的灵性。     

试论英美侵权法中的理性人标准

理性人标准是英美侵权司法实践中法官据以确定行为人是否违反注意义务或者有无过失的最重要的标准。理性人标准是一个客观标准，是法律创造出来的一个只具备社会中一般人所拥有的经验见识和逻辑推理能力的普通人的模型，其对于特殊人群有特殊的适用要求。而在司法实践中，适用理性人标准必须考虑以下三个因素：行为的损害危险性；危险行为的目的；避免损害危险的成本。     

我国农村新型合作医疗制度存在的问题及对策

农村新型合作医疗是指在政府指导下和集体经济的扶持下,以农民为保障对象,按照自愿、适度与受益原则,通过多种合作形式建立的满足基本医疗需求的农村医疗保险制度。在分析农村新型合作医疗的演进与制度运行中存在的主要问题基础上,提出了完善制度的几点对策。     

关爱学员身体健康 不断提高院校的战斗力和凝聚力

关爱学员身体健康，是提升战斗力的基础，是提高院校战斗力和凝聚力的根本目的。坚持“以人为本”，不断提高学员的健康水平，对于军队院校培养新型高素质军事人才，提高部队战斗力具有极其重要的意义。     

H5N1高致病性禽流感疫情及各国应对措施循证评价

通过分析全球禽流感疫情应对措施和绩效,为突发公共卫生事件应急机制提供决策依据。采用循证卫生决策的研究方法,全面收集权威官方消息和数据进行筛选、加工和分析,得出可靠证据。2003年-2006年5月全球共发生3波禽流感疫情,主要与候鸟迁徒和病毒输入有关。国际上主要通过宰杀和疫苗来防控禽流感,各国防控绩效取决于多种因素。我国应对禽流感疫情绩效突出。现有证据表明宰杀病禽、隔离疲区和教育公众是行之有效的防控禽流感措施。