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41.
A. Beqqali W. van Eldik C. Mummery R. Passier 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(5):800-813
Studies on identification, derivation and characterization of human stem cells in the last decade have led to high expectations
in the field of regenerative medicine. Although it is clear that for successful stem cell-based therapy several obstacles
have to be overcome, other opportunities lay ahead for the use of human stem cells. A more immediate application would be
the development of human models for cell-type specific differentiation and disease in vitro. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from stem cells, which have been shown to follow similar molecular events of cardiac development
in vivo. Furthermore, several monogenic cardiovascular diseases have been described, for which in vitro models in stem cells could be generated. Here, we will discuss the potential of human embryonic stem cells, cardiac stem
cells and the recently described induced pluripotent stem cells as models for cardiac differentiation and disease.
Received 07 August 2008; received after revision 26 September 2008; accepted 03 October 2008 相似文献
42.
A. Fridkin A. Penkner V. Jantsch Y. Gruenbaum 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(9):1518-1533
43.
R. P. Massengo-Tiassé J. E. Cronan 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(9):1507-1517
The enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is the last enzyme in the fatty acid elongation cycle. Unlike most enzymes
in this essential pathway, ENR displays an unusual diversity among organisms. The growing interest in ENRs is mainly due to
the fact that a variety of both synthetic and natural antibacterial compounds are shown to specifically target their activity.
The primary anti-tuberculosis drug, isoniazid, and the broadly used antibacterial compound, triclosan, both target this enzyme.
In this review, we discuss the diversity of ENRs, and their inhibitors in the light of current research progress.
Received 3 November 2008; received after revision 5 December 2008; accepted 8 December 2008 相似文献
44.
N. Asano 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(9):1479-1492
A large number of compounds mimicking the structures of monosaccharides or oligosaccharides have been discovered from natural
sources. Such sugar mimics inhibit carbohydrate-degrading enzymes because of a structural resemblance to the sugar moiety
of the natural substrate. Carbohydrate-degrading enzymes are involved in a wide range of important biological processes, such
as intestinal digestion, posttranslational processing of the sugar chain of glycoproteins, their quality control mechanisms,
lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugates, and some viral infections. It has now been realized that inhibitors of the enzymes
have enormous therapeutic potential in diabetes and lysosomal storage disorders. In this review, the general bioactivity,
current applications, and the prospects for new therapeutic applications are described.
Received 27 August 2008; received after revision 08 November 2008; accepted 03 December 2008 相似文献
45.
Functions and pathologies of BiP and its interaction partners 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
J. Dudek J. Benedix S. Cappel M. Greiner C. Jalal L. Müller R. Zimmermann 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(9):1556-1569
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in a variety of essential and interconnected processes in human cells, including
protein biogenesis, signal transduction, and calcium homeostasis. The central player in all these processes is the ER-lumenal
polypeptide chain binding protein BiP that acts as a molecular chaperone. BiP belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)
family and crucially depends on a number of interaction partners, including co-chaperones, nucleotide exchange factors, and
signaling molecules. In the course of the last five years, several diseases have been linked to BiP and its interaction partners,
such as a group of infectious diseases that are caused by Shigella toxin producing E. coli. Furthermore, the inherited diseases Marinesco-Sj?gren syndrome, autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease, Wolcott-Rallison
syndrome, and several cancer types can be considered BiP-related diseases. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological
characteristics of BiP and its interaction partners.
Received 20 November 2008; received after revision 09 December 2008; accepted 12 December 2008 相似文献
46.
S. Kjellev 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(8):1350-1369
The trefoil factor family (TFF) comprises a group of small peptides which are highly expressed in tissues containing mucus-producing
cells – especially in the mucosa lining the gastrointestinal tract. The peptides seem crucial for epithelial restitution and
may work via other pathways than the conventional factors involved in restitution. In vitro studies have shown that the TFFs promote restitution using multiple mechanisms. The peptides also have other functionalities
including interactions with the immune system. Moreover, therapeutic effects of the TFFs have been shown in several animal
models of gastrointestinal damage. Still it is not clear which of their in vitro properties are involved in the in vivo mode of action. This review describes the TFF family with emphasis on their biological properties and involvement in mucosal
protection and repair.
Received 10 October 2008; received after revision 07 November 2008; accepted 10 November 2008 相似文献
47.
A. Shukla P. Chaurasia S. R. Bhaumik 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(8):1419-1433
Methylation of lysine residues of histones is associated with functionally distinct regions of chromatin, and, therefore,
is an important epigenetic mark. Over the past few years, several enzymes that catalyze this covalent modification on different
lysine residues of histones have been discovered. Intriguingly, histone lysine methylation has also been shown to be cross-regulated
by histone ubiquitination or the enzymes that catalyze this modification. These covalent modifications and their cross-talks
play important roles in regulation of gene expression, heterochromatin formation, genome stability, and cancer. Thus, there
has been a very rapid progress within past several years towards elucidating the molecular basis of histone lysine methylation
and ubiquitination, and their aberrations in human diseases. Here, we discuss these covalent modifications with their cross-regulation
and roles in controlling gene expression and stability.
Received 24 September 2008; received after revision 21 November 2008; accepted 28 November 2008 相似文献
48.
C. Schubert 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(7):1178-1197
The Williams-Beuren syndrome is a genomic disorder (prevalence: 1/7,500 to 1/20,000), caused by a hemizygous contiguous gene
deletion on chromosome 7q11.23. Typical symptoms comprise supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation, overfriendliness
and visuospatial impairment. The common deletion sizes range of 1.5–1.8 mega base pairs (Mb), encompassing app. 28 genes.
For a few genes, a genotype-phenotype correlation has been established. The best-explored gene within this region is the elastin
gene; its haploinsufficiency causes arterial stenosis. The region of the Williams-Beuren syndrome consists of a single copy
gene region (~1.2 Mb) flanked by repetitive sequences – Low Copy Repeats (LCR). The deletions arise as a consequence of misalignment
of these repetitive sequences during meiosis and a following unequal crossing over due to high similarity of LCRs. This review
presents an overview of the Williams-Beuren syndrome region considering the genomic assembly, chromosomal rearrangements and
their mechanisms (i.e. deletions, duplications, inversions) and evolutionary and historical aspects.
Received 11 July 2008; received after revision 15 October 2008; accepted 16 October 2008 相似文献
49.
The elucidation of assembly pathways of multi-subunit membrane proteins is of growing interest in structural biology. In this
study, we provide an analysis of the assembly of the asymmetrically oriented PsaC subunit on the pseudo C2-symmetric Photosystem I core. Based on a comparison of the differences in the NMR solution structure of unbound PsaC with
that of the X-ray crystal structure of bound PsaC, and on a detailed analysis of the PsaC binding site surrounding the FX iron-sulfur cluster, two models can be envisioned for what are likely the last steps in the assembly of Photosystem I. Here,
we dissect both models and attempt to address heretofore unrecognized issues by proposing a mechanism that includes a thermodynamic
perspective. Experimental strategies to verify the models are proposed. In closing, the evolutionary aspects of the assembly
process will be considered, with special reference to the structural arrangement of the PsaC binding surface.
Received 22 October 2008; received after revision 17 November 2008; accepted 05 December 2008 相似文献
50.
Berger W Steiner E Grusch M Elbling L Micksche M 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(1):43-61
The unique and evolutionary highly conserved major vault protein (MVP) is the main component of ubiquitous, large cellular
ribonucleoparticles termed vaults. The 100 kDa MVP represents more than 70% of the vault mass which contains two additional
proteins, the vault poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP) and the telomerase-associated protein 1 (TEP1), as well as several
short untranslated RNAs (vRNA). Vaults are almost ubiquitously expressed and, besides chemotherapy resistance, have been implicated
in the regulation of several cellular processes including transport mechanisms, signal transmissions and immune responses.
Despite a growing amount of data from diverse species and systems, the definition of precise vault functions is still highly
complex and challenging. Here we review the current knowledge on MVP and vaults with focus on regulatory functions in intracellular
signal transduction and immune defence.
Received 27 June 2008; received after revision 25 July 2008; accepted 30 July 2008 相似文献