炭黑类填充料对氢化丁腈橡胶的导电性能的影响

对炭黑类（乙炔炭黑及快压出炭黑）填充氢化丁腈橡胶（HNBR）的导电性能进行了研究.探讨了电阻率与炭黑填充量的变化规律,分析了氢化丁腈橡胶的导电机理,同时对导电氢化丁腈橡胶的物理机械性能进行了研究与测定.     

Measurement of ethylene and methane production in a temperate forest soil using inhibition of acetylene and carbon monoxide

We studied in the laboratory the effects of acetylene （C2H2） concentrations on the accumulation and consumption of ethylene and methane in a temperate pine forest soil, and in situ ethylene and methane production and flush effects of nitrogen sources on both productions in the pine forest stand （Pinus sylvestris L.）. The addition of C2H2 at concentrations more than 50 Pa C2H2 in the headspace caused a more than 95% reduction in rates of ethylene and methane consumption in forest soil compared to those with no C2H2. Furthermore, addition of acetylene within a range of 50 to 10, 000 Pa C2H2 induced a similar rate of methane accumulation in forest soil. Hence, it can be concluded that presence of more than 50 Pa C2H2 in the headspace is an effective method to measure methane production in forest soil. The addition of C2H2 at concentrations more than 50 Pa C2H2 induced an increasing concentration of ethylene in the headspace （P≤0.05）, indicating the reduction of acetylene to ethylene in forest soil. Using inhibition of 0.5 kPa C2H2 in combination with 5 kPa carbon monoxide that inhibits the reduction of acetylene in a short term, it was observed that there was a larger in situ methane production rate （218±26 μg C m^-2 h^-1（μg C per square meter per hour, the same below）） than in situ ethylene production rate （92±6 μg C m^-2 h^-1） in the pine forest soil. The addition of nitrogen sources such as urea, urea plus a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide, and potassium nitrate, could induce a 5-fold greater increase in rates of in situ ethylene and methane production compared to those in the control, particularly in the latter （P≤0.05）. The results can promote in situ measurement of ethylene and methane production in forest soils at different sites.     

Effects of acetylene at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen concentrations in forest soils

Temperate forest surface soils at the varying distances from main trunks (e.g., Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica) were used to study the effects of acetylene (C₂H₂) at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass N concentrations of the soils, and to assess the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils. The use of acetylene at partial pressures within a range from 10 to 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas gave a significant decrease in N₂O emission at soil moisture of c. 45% water-filled porosity space, and the decrease was almost the same in each soil after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations. Heterotrophic nitrification could account for 21%―48% of total N₂O emission from each soil; the contribution would increase with increasing distances from the Pinus koraiensis trunks rather than from the Quercus mongolica trunks. Under the experimental conditions, the use of C₂H₂ at low concentrations showed no significant influence on soil microbial biomass N, net N mineralization and microbial respiration. However, 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas could reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soils. According to the rapid consumption of 10 Pa C₂H₂ by forest soils and convenience for laboratory incubations, 50 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas can be used to study the origin of N₂O emissions from forest soils under aerobic conditions and the key associated driving mechanisms. The N₂O and CO₂ emissions from the soils at the same distances from the Quercus mongolica trunks were larger than those from the Pinus koraiensis trunks, and both emissions decreased as the distances from trunks increased. The stepwise regression analysis showed that 95% of the variability in soil CO₂ emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total C and water soluble organic C and soil pH, and that 72% of the variability in soil N₂O emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total N, exchangeable NH⁺₄-N and microbial biomass N and 25% of the variability in heterotrophic nitrification by the soil microbial biomass N concentration. The emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from forest soils after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations were positively related to the net nitrification of the soils.     

聚苯胺在LiFePO_4/C正极中的双重功能

锂离子电池(LIB)中正极活性材料的导电率σ都很低,要减小正极的极化程度,增大活性材料的比充、放电容量和充、放电电流密度,最有效方法之一是选用高导电率的导电剂,与粘结剂混合在一起在正极中组成良好的导电网络.测试结果表明:聚苯胺(PAn)的导电率(σPAn=18.39 S/cm)大于正极中常用导电剂乙炔黑(AB)的导电率(σAB=7.77 S/cm).以PAn作为正极活性材料,不添加其他导电剂,对其进行恒电流充、放电试验(电流密度I=15 mA/g)时,其第3循环的比放电容量D3=60.8 mAh/g,充、放电效率η3=94.56%,试验结果表明:PAn在正极中兼有导电剂和活性材料的功能.以LiFePO4/C含碳复合材料作为正极活性材料,以PAn替代AB作为导电剂进行了恒电流充、放电试验,在电流密度为15 mA/g,30 mA/g,45 mA/g,60 mA/g,75 mA/g,90 mA/g和120 mA/g时,LiFePO4/C的比充、放电容量都增加了,表明正极的极化程度减小了.正极在经过较大电流密度(120 mA/g)充、放电后,再以小电流密度(15 mA/g)进行充、放电时,比充、放电容量几乎没有变化,表明经大电流(120 mA/g)充、放电后LiFePO4/C的贮锂结构没有变化.     

耐久性、耐洗涤性黑色导电织物的研制

本文试验了一种简易方法制备具有一定耐久性、耐洗涤性的黑色导电织物。试验采用混酸对乙炔炭黑表面进行氧化改性处理,制得稳定易上染的水分散体系,再采用浸染法和溶胶法对织物进行上染。探讨了混酸改性上染织物的最佳用量。研究了水洗摩擦对电阻率的影响,实验表明：在采用18ml混酸对乙炔炭黑进行改性后,浸染法制得的织物上染量最多,达到0.12gg-1,所得织物的导电性能、耐久性、和耐洗性好。按照本法所得到的织物其抗静电性能接近国外相应产品的性能,具有巨大的市场应用价值。     

乙炔检测系统的设计

在对乙炔气体分子近红外吸收光谱分析的基础上,采用1．52μm波段的LED作为光源,利用旋转双波长滤光片进行波长切换,从而实现差分吸收检测。应用波长调制技术、Ring—down腔技术,通过光纤传输实现乙炔气体质量浓度检测,检测的灵敏度为40×10^-5mg／m^3。     

溶剂对苯乙炔衍生物EPHG的螺旋聚合的影响

本文合成了4-[(3,5-二异丁基-4-羟基苯)(3,5-二异丁基-4-苯醌基)甲基]苯乙炔单体(EPHG),由铑络合物和手性胺催化体系引发聚合,利用CD-UV谱图确认生成的聚合物是螺旋结构.讨论了聚合机理,调查了溶剂对聚合的影响,结果表明:在四氢呋喃溶液中,铑络合物[Rh(cod)Cl]2和(R)-苯乙基胺催化体系引发EPHG聚合成同一手性的螺旋聚合物,并且有较高的收率。     

丁炔二醇合成反应的颗粒宏观动力学及选择性的研究

本文从理论上分析了均匀分布有金属铜的球形大颗粒催化剂对合成丁炔二醇并-串连反应的影响,並用转框式反应器检验了宏观动力学分析结果。各组分浓度变化的模型计算值与实验测定值的相对误差一般在5%以内。     

锌(Ⅱ)-铜(Ⅰ)双金属协同催化乙炔二聚反应的催化活性研究

乙炔二聚制备乙烯基乙炔是乙炔法生产氯丁橡胶过程中关键反应。本文以氯化亚铜为主催化剂,氯化锌为氯化亚铜的助催化剂,氯化铵为助溶剂,水为溶剂,并且添加一定量的盐酸提供酸性环境,形成锌(Ⅱ)-铜(Ⅰ)双金属催化剂作用于乙炔二聚反应,以解决在该反应中乙炔转化率低、目标产物乙烯基乙炔选择性差等问题;对影响该反应的可能因素,如氯化锌用量、氯化亚铜用量、反应温度以及乙炔空速等条件进行优化,实验结果表明:锌(Ⅱ)-铜(Ⅰ)双金属催化剂能有效的改善乙炔二聚反应,在最佳反应条件下乙烯基乙炔的选择性为91.1%,乙炔的转化率为11.3%。     

芳基乙炔聚合物固化反应动力学和结构表征

应用DSC和FTIR分析技术,研究了芳基乙炔聚合物的固化反应动力学和固化反应过程中的结构变化。结果表明：芳乙炔聚合物固化过程中主要形成顺式共轭多烯结构。芳基乙炔聚合物的固化反应活化能为108．6－119．7kJ/mol,单体结构对聚合物的固化反应速率有明显影响,聚1,4－二乙炔基苯（p－DEB）的固化反应速率比聚1,3－二乙炔基苯（m－DEB）快。