基于最优搜索理论的失踪旅游者搜救模型研究

文章研究在失踪旅游者搜索问题中引入最优搜索理论的方法。针对失踪者相对静态的情况,在目标分布函数与探测函数的基础上建立搜索模型,通过拉格朗日乘数法最优化计算,导出了探测函数服从指数形式时的静态失踪旅游者最优搜索模型和搜索资源最优配置的计算方法。经示例比较,研究建立的搜索模型大幅度缩短了失踪旅游者的搜索时间,提高了搜索效率与失踪者的生还机会。     

户外运动意外伤害案件的法律问题初探

文章通过案例分析,对案件的责任加以划分,提出风险自负原则是户外运动意外伤害案件中需秉承的一大原则,同时,我国也应加快户外运动的法制建设,合理规避不应当的法律责任,适当降低意外伤害事故引发的争执、纠纷.     

血吸虫基因组及疫苗的研究进展

血吸虫病是对人类健康危害最为严重的寄生虫病之一。控制并消灭血吸虫病的危害一直是我国和国际社会的主要目标。近几年来,随着对血吸虫生物学(包括基因组和蛋白质组学)和血吸虫病分子病理学、分子免疫学研究的逐渐开展,血吸虫与哺乳动物宿主(包括人)相互作用及致病的机理不断被揭示。此外,曼氏血吸虫和日本血吸虫的基因组序列已经基本测定完成。对基因组序列的解析不仅能够在遗传学水平上揭示虫体的活动规律,而且还将有利于发现新的药物作用靶位和疫苗抗原。通过对曼氏血吸虫和日本血吸虫基因转录谱和蛋白质表达谱的研究,已经发现了一些血吸虫与宿主相互作用的重要分子(如免疫调节因子及表面黏附蛋白等)。同时,在抗血吸虫疫苗的研究方面也取得了很大的进展,以谷胱苷肽-S-转移酶作为主要抗原的曼氏血吸虫疫苗已经开始I和II期临床试验。此外,多种日本血吸虫抗原也开始在动物体上进行免疫及攻虫试验。本文主要就近年来血吸虫基因组学、蛋白质组学及疫苗研究进展做一概述,同时对相关领域的发展提出展望。     

2011年至2012年在校大学生意外伤害现况调查与分析

目的：了解某高校大学生意外伤害的发生现状,并结合大理学院实际提出合理干预措施,为学校预防意外伤害提供科学依据。方法：利用分层整群随机抽样方法选取了大理学院1~4年级在校学生980名学生,采用自编的大学生意外伤害调查问卷进行调查。结果：2011年至2012年期间,每年大学生意外伤害平均患病率为48.7%人,其中男性为30.9%,女性为69.1%,不同性别之间运动伤害患病率女生明显高于男生,差异有统计学意义（χ2=23.4,P=0.00）;大学二年级意外伤害患病率48.5%较高,其次为三年级28.8%、四年级15.9%,大学一年级新生患病率6.7%最低;从意外伤害的患病率分析,意外伤害发生较高的前五位类型依次为运动伤害、跌伤、碰撞伤、钝/锐器伤和动物或昆虫咬伤;不同性别之间运动意外伤害的患病率比较,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=23.4,P=0.00）;从年级总体意外伤害患病率从大到小顺序前六位依次为运动伤害＞跌伤＞碰撞伤＞钝/锐器伤＞动物或昆虫咬伤＞烧烫伤;不同年级之间车祸（交通伤）患病率比较,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=8.84,P=0.03）。结论：某高校大学生中意外伤害的患病率较高,应结合学校实际开展预防意外伤害的健康教育宣传工作,提高大学生自我保护意识。     

X.—New Hymenoptera of the family Bethylidæ

What seems likely to be the first published record of a foraminiferan protozoan (Cibicides lobatulus) epizoic on an isopod (Astacilla longicornis) is reported from material collected by divers off the Berwickshire coast (Scotland). Notes are also provided on other epibionts and a comparison is made with Astacilla from the Clyde Sea area which proved to have a much lower incidence of fouling. There, fouling was due largely to the entroproct Barentsia sp. and the hydroid Clytia hemisphaerica, not to Cibicides.     

Aspects of the life history and origins of Nesolecithus africanus (cestoda: Amphilinidea)

Larvae of the amphilinidean platyhelminth Nesolecithus africanus are reported and described from the freshwater prawn Desmocaris trispinosa in Nigeria. The worms were found in the haemocoel of female prawns and appear to restrict ovarian development. Taxonomic, zoogeographical and evolutionary relationships of the species with its South American relative, N. janickii, are discussed. These species are very similar morphologically, and restricted to parts of the African and South American continents which were adjacent in Cretaceous times. They are probably vicariant Gondwanaland relicts, little changed over the past 100 million years. Two theories of amphilinidean origin are discussed.     

电子自旋微扰作用过程对称性诠释的一种方案

通过将电子自旋微扰分为自旋对状态描述的影响和自旋对能级的影响两个过程,使得电子自旋微扰的作用过程能顺利地用对称性理论来解释。     

网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹鱼体寄生虫初步调查

【目的】为给卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)健康养殖提供理论依据和技术支持,调查其养殖过程中鱼体寄生虫种类。【方法】以防城港和北海网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹为对象,通过现场调查、肉眼检查、镜检观察等方法对卵形鲳鲹体表、鳃、内脏等组织进行寄生虫检查并分类鉴定。【结果】共检出5种寄生虫:刺激隐核虫Cryptocaryon irritans、拟德式吸虫Pardeontacylix McIntosh、本尼登虫Benedenia Diesing、淀粉卵甲藻Amyloodinium ocellatum和车轮虫Trichodibna Ehren berg,感染率分别为27.8%,8.1%,3.3%,16.4%,18%。【结论】寄生虫在卵形鲳鲹的养殖过程中存在,且种类繁多,已成为影响卵形鲳鲹健康养殖的主要因素之一。     

Life cycle of Huarpea fallax (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) in a xeric forest in Argentina

This study describes the life cycle of Huarpea fallax (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) in a xeric forest in La Pampa province, Argentina. This cleptoparasitic wasp attacks the nests of two species of leaf-cutter bees: Megachile catamarcensis and Anthidium vigintipunctatum, both belonging to the family Megachilidae. Nests of these bee species were obtained during a trap-nesting programme. Adult emergence showed a unimodal pattern indicating a univoltine life cycle. The period from egg-laying to adult emergence lasted for 10–13 months; however, one female took about 2 years to emerge, suggesting parsivoltinism. Most females attack one cell per host nest, the outermost cells being the ones most parasitized. However, the position of the attacked cells was variable. In this paper, although there were insufficient data to prove a correlation, the data suggest a positive trend between body size of sapygid wasps and their host bees.     

Distinct parasitoid communities associated with host races of the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta on distantly related host plants (Juglandaceae and Ericaceae)

Differences in host-plant species may affect the structure of parasitoid communities of phytophagous insects. Phytophagous insect species often consist of host races, and comparisons between host races enable us to infer the effects of host-plant differences on parasitoid communities. Here, we compare the parasitoid fauna of two host races of the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta, which are associated with either Juglandaceae or Lyonia ovalifolia (Ericaceae). Field collection and subsequent laboratory rearing revealed a significantly higher parasitization ratio in the Juglandaceae race than in the Lyonia race. In the Juglandaceae race the majority of parasitoids were Braconidae, whereas in the Lyonia race the majority were Eulophidae. Furthermore, even within the same host race the most abundant parasitoid species differed between populations with different host associations. Hence, the present results strongly indicate that different host-plant taxa affect the structure of parasitoid communities even within a single phytophagous insect species.