Climatic significance of n-alkanes and their compound-specific dD values from lake surface sediments on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The content and hydrogen isotope ratios of n-alkanes extracted from recent lake surface sediments sampled from nine lakes in three different climate zones on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed.Values were compared with n-alkanes in plants from lake drainages,and dD values of meteoric water,lake water,and mean annual precipitation.The results showed that n-C23was predominantly derived from aquatic plants,and n-C27–n-C33from terrestrial higher plants.The average carbon chain length of n-C27–n-C33(ACL27–33)was positively correlated with the mean annual precipitation.dD values of the long-chain n-alkanes n-C29and n-C31of terrestrial origin(varying between-214%and-169%,and-226%and-185%,respectively)were inversely correlated with mean annual precipitation;but in accordance with the average annual variations in dD(OIPC),dD values of n-C31were strongly related to the dD values of growing season meteoric water(R2=0.74).The large difference between dD values of n-C23of aquatic origin and n-C31(an average of about 27%)demonstrates the enrichment of the lake water dD compared to precipitation,caused by strong evaporation in the semiarid–arid areas of the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Average value of en C25 31=p(-95%)is evidently higher than the value observed in European wet regions(-128%);besides,en C31(about-116%)is constant along the study transect(SD=9),which indicates that n-C31is a useful proxy for the environment.     

Monitoring dynamic changes of global land cover types:fluctuations of major lakes in China every 8 days during 2000–2010

Remote sensing images can be used to delineate variations in the area of lakes and to assess the influence of environmental changes and human activities.However,because lakes are dynamic,results obtained from individual images acquired on a single date are not representative and do not accurately reflect ongoing changes.In this study,we used 8-day moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)composite data from 2000 to2010 to map water surface changes over 629 lakes in China.We combined automatic extraction of training data and support vector machine classification to derive the spatial distribution of these large water bodies.The producer’s and user’s accuracies for MODIS images were91.06%and 89.81%,respectively,when compared with interpretation results from 30 m resolution Landsat images taken on similar days.Area changes,variability,inundation intensity,and rainy seasons of the 629 lakes were analyzed based on this multi-temporal lake database.The total area of the 629 lakes increased over the study period,primarily as a result of the expansion of lake areas on the Tibetan Plateau.There were 12 lakes with a maximum area[1,000 km2,and six of these decreased in area from 2000to 2010.The shrinkages of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake were-54.76 and-25.08 km2/a,respectively.The area of lakes on Tibetan Plateau,in northern Xinjiang,northeastern Inner Mongolia,and northeastern China varied little,while lakes on the Yangtze Plain,in southern Inner Mongolia,and central Xinjiang fluctuated considerably.Inundation intensity increased for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau,in northern Xinjiang,Heilongjiang,and Jilin,while inundation extent decreased in central Xinjiang,southern Tibet,southern Inner Mongolia,Sichuan,and on the Yangtze Plain.This study is an attempt to develop high-frequency specific land cover maps to improve applicability of general land cover maps.The lake products serve as an important supplement to hydrologic data.The lake database enables the generation of new land surface process models,which could improve the precision of simulations,based on more accurate observations of dynamic lake systems.     

东洞庭湖浮游藻类优势种群对主要水环境因子的生态适应性

【目的】研究东洞庭湖浮游藻类优势种群对主要水环境因子的生态适应性,为东洞庭湖水生态系统保护、健康评估及生物监测提供科学依据。【方法】根据物种综合数量指标(重要值IV)筛选优势种表征浮游藻类群落结构,通过因子分析法(Factor analysis)从18项水质参数中提取出主要水环境因子,运用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)研究优势种群与主要水环境因子的关系。【结果】从优势种与环境因子的关系来看,水温与溶解氧是影响尖针杆藻(Synedra acusvar)的主要因子;变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、凸出舟形藻(Mavicula prptracta)是水体有机污染的良好指示种;草鞋形波缘藻(Cymatopleura solea)喜高浓度的氨氮;细小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)对阴离子表面活性剂敏感,而双头辐节藻(Stauroneis anceps)对阴离子表面活性剂表现出高耐受性;肘状针杆藻(Synedra ulna)对环境条件的要求较其它藻类有一定的特殊性;大多数浮游藻类喜弱碱性的水体环境。相较于以往研究,电导率并不是影响东洞庭湖藻类群落结构的主要水环境因子。【结论】东洞庭湖不同的浮游藻类优势种群对环境因子有其特定的生态适应性。     

哈素海鸟类调查研究

对内蒙古哈素海的鸟类进行了调查,共记录１５目,３２科,７５种．其中夏侯鸟４０种,留鸟１３种,旅鸟２１种,冬侯鸟１种     

常德市柳叶湖旅游度假区地理环境研究

从宏观到微观共分三个层次,概述了常德市柳叶湖旅游度假区的地理位置特征,并进行了区位优势评价;从地表结构、气候、水文、生物等自然环境因素论述了度假区自然旅游资源的特征及开发保护与利用问题。     

坝上高原察汗淖尔湖泊面积变化及驱动要素分析

在大气变化和人类活动的双重影响下,为定量分析坝上高原典型湖泊察汗淖尔近30年的演变及驱动要素贡献率,通过遥感影像与资料收集,对湖泊面积变化特征及影响因素进行分析,运用多元线性回归法量化驱动湖泊变化的主要因素及其相对贡献率。结果表明：察汗淖尔在过去30年间逐渐萎缩,几乎干涸,变化速率为-0.94 km²/a;温度升高,暴雨次数显著减少,不利于察汗淖尔湖泊水面面积的维持;高额的农业用水量是导致湖泊萎缩的主要原因,各影响因素贡献率大小依次为农业用水量>地下水埋深>降水量>径流量>年均温;农业用水量相关系数为-0.71,贡献率为51.1%,地下水埋深相关系数为-0.67,贡献率为33.3%。大气条件是湖泊变化的重要背景因素,人类活动进一步加剧湖泊变化。     

东洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险评价

为深入了解东洞庭湖重金属污染现状,以东洞庭湖表层沉积物为研究对象,采用BCR连续提取法和ICP-MS测定法分析沉积物重金属含量、赋存形态特征,运用潜在生态风险指数和次生相与原生相比值进行评价。结果表明:1)Cd、Pb、Cr含量超过湖南潮土其背景值。Cr变异系数50%,空间分布差异大。2)Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr以残渣态为主,Cd以弱酸可提取态为主,有效态占比较高,毒性较大,其他元素稳定性较强,毒性较低,对湖区环境影响较小。3)潜在生态风险指数排序为CdPbZnCrCu,Cd表现为严重污染,生态风险较高。研究区内RI均值为590,属于强生态风险,Cd为主要贡献因子。RSP值大小顺序为:CdPbZnCuCr,Cd RSP值最高,表现为重度污染,Cu和Zn表现为轻度污染,Zn和Cr表现为无污染。     

三仙湖氮磷污染现状与问题诊断

 三仙湖湖区水质好坏及水量多寡关乎湖南南县及周边地区的战略饮用水安全。三仙湖流域水质与底质的调查结果表明：三仙湖湖体水中总磷平均质量浓度为0.18 mg/L,总氮平均质量浓度为1.26 mg/L,总体水质为V类,总磷超标严重,对比国内重要湖泊水质总氮均值依次表现为三仙湖 < 洞庭湖 < 鄱阳湖 < 太湖,总磷均值为鄱阳湖 < 洞庭湖 < 三仙湖 < 太湖。沉积物中总氮污染较重,总磷生态效应较总氮低,对比国内重要湖泊底质总氮均值表现为洞庭湖 < 三仙湖 < 鄱阳湖 < 太湖,总磷均值表现为三仙湖 < 鄱阳湖 < 洞庭湖 < 太湖。分析表明,目前存在农业面源污染严重、湖内底泥淤积、内源污染释放风险较大、散养牲畜进入湖区放养现象突出、受精养塘等渔业污染严重等问题。     

滇池北岸西区湿地公园的生态系统服务功能价值评估

 滇池是著名的高原淡水湖泊,滇池湿地公园是极具特色和影响的生态资源。采用影子工程法、替代法、成果参照法等评价方法,评估了滇池湿地公园的生物栖息地功能价值、降污净化价值、旅游休闲价值、科研教育价值、调节空气价值、生物多样性保护价值、物质生产价值、涵养水源价值、保育土壤价值。结果显示,每年滇池北岸西区湿地公园提供的生态系统服务功能价值约为16.44亿元,其中生态栖息地价值最大（为11.97亿元）。