Natural history and the formation of the human being: Kant on active forces

In his 1785-review of the Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, Kant objects to Herder's conception of nature as being imbued with active forces. This attack is usually evaluated against the background of Kant's critical project and his epistemological concern to caution against the “metaphysical excess” of attributing immanent properties to matter. In this paper I explore a slightly different reading by investigating Kant's pre-critical account of creation and generation. The aim of this is to show that Kant's struggle with the forces of matter has a long history and revolves around one central problem: that of how to distinguish between the non-purposive forces of nature and the intentional powers of the mind. Given this history, the epistemic stricture that Kant's critical project imposes on him no longer appears to be the primary reason for his attack on Herder. It merely aggravates a problem that Kant has been battling with since his earliest writings.     

土壤结构改良剂的改土效果及其使用的研究

本试验研究对土壤改良剂在灌耕灰漠土和盐化灌耕灰漠土上进行了盆栽和田间微区试验。重点研究改良剂对土壤肥力、农作物生长发育等方面的影响。试验结果表明,合理的使用土壤结构改良剂,不仅可以改良土壤结构增加农作物产量,而且对盐分较重、有机质贫乏、结构不良的土壤,在增加土壤有机质含量,降低耕层土壤盐分含量等方面亦有明显效果。从本试验研究结果看以地表喷施效果最佳。     

从光波的波动方程到薛定谔方程

通过类比分析光波的波动方程建立了物质波的波动方程,即薛定谔方程。同时引入了量子力学中的三个基本假设,给出了力学量算符的本征方程,对于能量算符,就是定态薛定谔方程。最后初步阐明了量子测量的物理含义。     

物质空间层次宇宙模型

新的科学方法是产生新思想、新理论的源泉．康德在1755年、拉普拉斯在1796年就预言了在1923年才由哈勃证实的河外星系的存在．如果将康德、拉普拉斯思考问题所使用的方法进行归纳,就可得到一种新的科学研究方法,将这种方法应用于新宇宙模型的建构,结合笛卡尔的物质空间思想,可得到一种新的宇宙模型——“物质空间层次宇宙模型”,文中提出了验证该模型的实验观测方法．在新宇宙模型中,美国普林斯顿大学的保罗·斯坦哈特与英国剑桥大学的尼尔·图罗克提出的循环宇宙,成为一个自然的结果．     

时间的操作定义

关于时间是什么？牛顿在《自然哲学的数学原理》一书中对“绝对时间”给出了一个描述,爱因斯坦没有给“相对论时间”下过定义,所以到目前为止,还没有一个统一的时间定义。无论是牛顿的时间还是爱因斯坦的时间都需要用他们建立的整个理论体系去理解时间的含义,这样的结果导致普通人理解物理时间概念的困难．本文试图给时间下一个操作定义,以弥补关于时间概念在认识论上的不足。并用相关实验说明定义的正确性,最后用新的时间定义重新分析了相对论运动时钟变慢的物理原因。     

不同方法提取的柚子花的挥发性成分分析

以新鲜柚子花和干柚子花为原料,采用同时蒸馏萃取法或超临界CO2萃取法对干柚子花和新鲜柚子花的挥发油进行提取,利用气相色谱—质谱联用技术对其化学成分进行分离鉴定,并测定各化学成分的相对含量。结果表明:相同方法提取的新鲜柚子花和干柚子花的挥发油的组成成分基本一致,但各化合物的相对含量不同,不同方法提取的干柚子花挥发油的组成成分与相对含量都存在较大差异。     

蒙药材诃子中挥发油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取蒙药诃子中挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对蒙药诃子挥发油化学成分进行了分析,从分离出的36种组分中共鉴定出23个成分,占挥发油总组分的76.04%.二甲基吡啶的含量最高,占挥发油成分总量的24.41%;其次为2,6-二(1,1二甲基乙基)-2,5-环己二烯-1,4-二酮(10.30%).     

马尾松、杉木纯林及其混交林挥发性有机物成分分析

为了摸清树种挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs)的释放规律和种类,采用顶空法提取马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)纯林及其混交林11个树种叶片的VOCs,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)技术对其进行分析。结果表明：前15 min, VOCs检出率为100%的树种有马尾松混交林和杉木混交林中的格木(Erythrophleum fordii)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、大叶栎(Quercus griffithii);检出率为73%-90%的树种有马尾松纯林及其混交林中的马尾松、黄毛榕(Ficus esquiroliana)和香梓楠(Michelia hedyosperma),以及杉木纯林及其混交林中的杉木和灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)。马尾松纯林及其混交林中鉴定出的VOCs种类有萜、醇、醛、酮、酯、酸、脂肪胺、环氧等8大类,除了红锥和大叶栎外,其他树种均以萜类化合物数量最多;杉木纯林及其混交林鉴定出的VOCs种类有萜、醇、醛、酮、酯、酸、脂...     

How physics flew the philosophers' nest

We all know that, nowadays, physics and philosophy are housed in separate departments on university campuses. They are distinct disciplines with their own journals and conferences, and in general they are practiced by different people, using different tools and methods. We also know that this was not always the case: up until the early 17th century (at least), physics was a part of philosophy. So what happened? And what philosophical lessons should we take away? We argue that the split took place long after Newton's Principia (rather than before, as many standard accounts would have it), and offer a new account of the philosophical reasons that drove the separation. We argue that one particular problem, dating back to Descartes and persisting long into the 18th century, played a pivotal role. The failure to solve it, despite repeated efforts, precipitates a profound change in the relationship between physics and philosophy. The culprit is the problem of collisions. Innocuous though it may seem, this problem becomes the bellwether of deeper issues concerning the nature and properties of bodies in general. The failure to successfully address the problem led to a reconceptualization of the goals and subject-matter of physics, a change in the relationship between physics and mechanics, and a shift in who had authority over the most fundamental issues in physics.     

绿茶挥发性成分的 GC-MS 分析

利用程序升温毛细管气相色谱－质谱联用方法对一种绿茶的挥发成分进行分析鉴定，共分离出６０个组分，用峰面积归一化法算出其相对含量，用谱图检索确认出５２个组分，占总挥发成分的９８％。