八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

目的:通过远缘杂交的方法,可将小麦远缘种、属的染色体片段或基因导入到普通小麦中,使后者获得远缘种、属的某些优良性状．方法:由八倍体小黑麦Triticale(AABBDDRR)与普通小麦T．aestivum杂交,获得四个具有黑麦性状的普通小麦类型,对其进行细胞遗传学研究．结果:分析四个品系与亲本回交F1代的减数分裂行为,发现:有的品系染色体配对不正常,单价体频率较高;有的品系存在大量多价体．通过C-分带检测,克丰6号带型正常,2899×91B 569(Salum)、宁农775、01- 140为T1RS．1BS普通小麦1B与黑麦1R的易位系．结论:(1)ABD与R组有部分同源关系,可以进行同源联会．(2)八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交,杂种后代出现变异,可能出现易位系．     

Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus ditelosomic substitution line 7Lr#1S（7A） with resistance to wheat scab and its meiotic behavior analysis

Leymus racemosus is highly resistant to wheat scab （Fusarum head bright）. The transfer of scab resistant gene from L. racemosus to Triticum aestivum is of great significance for broadening the base of wheat resistance. In the present study, the pollen of T. aestivum-L, racemosus monosomic addition line with scab resistance was treated by irradiation with 1200 R ^60Co-γ-rays prior to pollinating to emasculated wheat cv. Mianyang 85-45. Nine plants with a telocentric chromosome 7Lr#1S were observed in M1, and one ditelosomic substitution line 7Lr#1S was selected from selfcrossing progenies and confirmed by chromosome C-banding and GISH. Furthermore, a co-dominant EST-SSR marker CINAU 31 was employed to identify this substitution line. A pair of chromosome 7A of common wheat were found to be replaced by a pair of telocentric chromosome 7Lr#1S, and further investigation showed that chromosome configuration of the substitution line at MI of PMCs after GISH was 17.50Ⅱ^w ＋ 2.19Ⅱ^w ＋ 0.42Ⅱ^7Lr#1S ＋ 1.08 Ⅰ^7Lr#1S ＋ 0.69 Ⅰ^w. Two telocentric chromosomes paired as a bivalent in 59.7% of PMCs. Abnormal chromosome behaviors of telocentric chromosomes were observed in part of PMCs at anaphase I and telophase I, including the moving of two telocentric chromosomes to the same pole, lagging and earlier separation of their sister chromatid. All these abnormal behaviors can be grouped into three distinct types of tetrads according to different numbers of 7Lr#1S in their daughter cells and various micronucleus in some tetrads. However, due to the high transmission frequency of the female and male gametes with a 7Lr#1S, 84% of the selfcrossing progeny plants had ditelosomic substitution. The substitution line showed high resistance to wheat scab in a successive two-year test both in the greenhouse and field; hence, the line will be particularly valuable for alien gene mapping, small fragment translocation induction and telosomic cytological behavior analysis.     

赖草属的优良基因导入小麦的研究进展

报道了赖草属各种植物的优良特性及其优良基因用于改普通小麦的研究进展,并着重介绍了小麦－多枝赖草异附加系统选育的研究现状和远缘杂交所存在的问题和解决办法。     

硬粒小麦(Tdurum)×天蓝偃麦草(Elytrigia glacum)属间杂种无性系的建立

本实验以“人民麦”ד天蓝偃麦草”F_0成熟胚、F_1幼穗及“珂珂瑞特”ד天蓝偃麦草”F_1幼穗为外植体。在Ms+2mg/2、4—D的培养基上诱导愈伤组织、在无激素的Ms培养基上,诱导再生植株。产生胚性愈伤组织的频率最高为78.9%,实体显微镜及电镜观察表明:胚性愈伤组织表面存在许多胚状体,植株再生方式为体细胞胚胎发生方式,再生频率最高为100%。胚性愈伤组织经13个月的继代培养仍具有再生能力,实验结果表明:1cm左右的幼穗为较合适的外值体。2mg/l2.4—D对胚性愈伤组织的诱导、增殖起重要作用,本实验发现一种特殊分化现象。即小花结构的分化。对产生这种现象的原因进行了分析。     

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus reciprocal chromosomal translocation T7DS·5LrL/T5LrS·7DL

In order to induce chromosome translocation between wheat chromosomes and chromosome 5Lr of Leymus racemosus, the mi- crosporocytes during meiosis of T. aestivum-L. racemosus disomic addition line DA5Lr were irradiated by 60Co γ-rays 800 R (100 R/min). Before flowering, the treated spikes were emasculated and bagged. After 2-3 d, the emasculated flowerets were pollinated using pollens from T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. One plant with two translocation chromosomes involved in both the long and short arm of...     

提摩菲维小麦×天兰偃麦草双二倍体的选育及细胞遗传

提摩菲维小麦×天兰偃麦草F_1,经秋水仙素处理获双二倍体,根尖染色体数为70,减数分裂中期Ⅰ有35个二价体,形态为两亲的中间型略倾向天兰偃麦草,植株健壮,对小麦多种病害免疫或高抗,抗寒耐干旱、多年生、种子蛋白质含量高,花药育性为80—90％,结实率8.03％,种子千粒重18克。双二倍体种子发芽率为42.1％,结实率与亲本相似或略高于亲本,种子饱满度好于亲本,千粒重22克。为一新的更有经济价值可与小麦杂交的遗传资源。     

小麦与高冰草原生质体融合及再生能力的恢复

以普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）济南１７７悬浮细胞来源的原生质体与高冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ）愈伤组织来源的原生质体用ＰＥＧ法诱导融合．由于来源材料的长期继代，小麦原生质体的再生能力已很低；高冰草原生质体不能分裂；而融合产物却能高频率的分化出完整植株．融合再生植株的表型类似高冰草，染色体数目和同工酶谱亦然．但它们早期发育的模式与小麦相似．     

微弹射击将大麦黄矮病毒外壳蛋白基因转入小麦获可育植株

以小麦品种济南１７７、３８４、４７１的幼胚和济南１７７的胚性愈伤组织为材料，质粒为ｐＰＰＩ２［含大麦黄矮病毒外壳蛋白（ＣＰ）基因和ＧＵＳ（β－葡萄糖苷酸酶）基因］；ｐＰＰＩ５（含ＣＰ基因）＋ｐＥｍｕＧＮ（含ＧＵＳ基因），用高速基因枪轰击钨粉质粒进入幼胚和胚性愈伤组织细胞．ＧＵＳ基因的瞬间表达平均频率幼胚约为４２％，愈伤组织为１８．５％．转化处理后用ＰＣＲ扩增技术检测植株中ＣＰ基因是否存在并稳定遗传．检测结果表明，来源于幼胚的Ｔ０代转化频率为２～９％（１９９３～１９９４年），并获得Ｔ１、Ｔ２和Ｔ３代稳定表达的转化植株．用愈伤组织转化，其转化频率３月龄者为０．４％；２年龄者为零．潮霉素（Ｈｍ）用于对转化幼胚和愈伤组织的筛选，低浓度时不能抑制非转化细胞的生长，高浓度则使细胞受伤害，不能再生正常健壮的植株     

脯氨酸处理种子对小麦和玉米抗盐性的效应

用不同浓度的脯氨酸溶液处理小麦和玉米种子后,其发芽率、幼苗的干物质积累以及脯氨酸含量部比对照高,说明脯氨酸处理种子后,可以提高小麦和玉米的抗盐性。     

盐胁迫下小麦新品系89122的抗氧化酶类活性变化的研究

利用受粉后的花粉管通道将高梁ＤＮＡ导入普通小麦陇春１３号,在其后代中出现了广泛变异,从中选育出已稳定遗传的丰产、抗逆性强的新品系８９１２２。经大田和盐池鉴定,８９１２２的耐盐性明显高于陇春１３号,用ＮａＣｌ（０,０．１,０．１５,０．２,０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理８９１２２和陇春１３号幼苗７ｄ,测定盐胁迫后其幼苗中抗氧化酶类活性的变化。结果发现,转基因小麦８９１２２较其受体陇春１３号能维持较高的ＳＯ