Coincidence and reproducibility in the EHT black hole experiment

This paper discusses some philosophical aspects related to the recent publication of the experimental results of the 2017 black hole experiment, namely the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy M87. In this paper I present a philosophical analysis of the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) black hole experiment. I first present Hacking's philosophy of experimentation. Hacking gives his taxonomy of elements of laboratory science and distinguishes a list of elements. I show that the EHT experiment conforms to major elements from Hacking's list. I then describe with the help of Galison's Philosophy of the Shadow how the EHT Collaboration created the famous black hole image. Galison outlines three stages for the reconstruction of the black hole image: Socio-Epistemology, Mechanical Objectivity, after which there is an additional Socio-Epistemology stage. I subsequently present my own interpretation of the reconstruction of the black hole image and I discuss model fitting to data. I suggest that the main method used by the EHT Collaboration to assure trust in the results of the EHT experiment is what philosophers call the Argument from Coincidence. I show that using this method for the above purpose is problematic. I present two versions of the Argument from Coincidence: Hacking's Coincidence and Cartwright's Reproducibility by which I analyse the EHT experiment. The same estimation of the mass of the black hole is reproduced in four different procedures. The EHT Collaboration concludes: the value we have converged upon is robust. I analyse the mass measurements of the black hole with the help of Cartwright's notion of robustness. I show that the EHT Collaboration construe Coincidence/Reproducibility as Technological Agnosticism and I contrast this interpretation with van Fraassen's scientific agnosticism.     

AS98原子吸收数据工作站的研制

AS98原子吸收数据工作站采用全汉字化的软件,支持硬件的工作,完成原子吸收数据的采集和处理,浓度与吸光度的关系采用抛物线回归分析。即C＝aA~2＋bA＋c。     

现代作战舰艇生命力的层次分析法综合评估

根据系统学的原理，运用层次分析的方法，对现代作战舰艇的整体生命力进行了全方位评估。结果表明，该方法简单有效，便于实际应用。     

莘县凹陷盆地模拟结果的地质解释

利用盆地模拟方法对勘探程度较低的莘县凹陷进行了油气生成和排出的定量模拟研究.讨论了模拟所需主要参数的确定方法,对模拟结果进行了地质解释.着重分析了主力生油层系的埋藏受热史、成熟度史及生、排油量史,初步划分了供油单元.研究指出,本区主力生油层系为下第三系沙三中下段,其次为沙四段.与相邻地区比,它们埋藏较浅,经受的最高地温及目前有机质的成熟度均偏低,总体上尚处于主要生油阶段的早中期.因主要排油期发生较晚,致使油气近距离运移为主,禹城洼陷和梁水镇洼陷两个主要油源区控制着凹陷中最有远景区的分布.     

谈中学化学教师应具备的基本职业技能

作为即将毕业走上中学化学工作岗位的本科生,通过实践体会到作一名现代中学化学教师应具备娴熟的职业技能,即具备良好的语言表达、板书、板画、实验操作和计算机辅助教学等各项技能,本文对这几项技能的具体要求做了探讨。     

电导滴定分析数据自动处理的计算机程序

<正>本文提出一个电导滴定分析数据自动处理程序。此程序用BASIC语言编写,在LASER 310微型计算机上通过,试算结果正确,适应性较强。数据输入以后,从数值计算、条件判断、结果打印一直到绘制坐标轴、滴定曲线与拟合折线均可自动连续完成。采用二阶差分商的绝对值与临界值比较的方法判断电导滴定曲线突变的开始与终止,用以自动划定观测点的线性范围。     

呼叫中心系统在ARP 用户服务中的应用

健全的运维体系和优质的用户服务,是大型信息管理系统能稳定运行、持续优化和深入应用的重要保障。本文对中国科学院资源规划系统 (Academia Resource Planning,简称ARP) 自实施上线以来的用户服务模式进行介绍,重点阐述了ARP 呼叫中心系统在用户服务中的应用,并对当前用户服务工作中存在的问题以及如何进一步提升用户服务能力、提高用户满意度进行了探讨。     

面向大气背景测量卫星的任务规划问题、建模及求解方法

研究了面向大气背景测量试验的卫星任务规划问题。采用长短期相结合的规划方式,建立了基于模型预测控制的滚动规划模型,运用禁忌搜索算法进行求解。最后实例验证了方法的有效性;为此类卫星的研制提供了重要的借鉴意义。     

A different kind of revolutionary change: transformation from object to process concepts

I propose a new perspective with which to understand scientific revolutions. This is a conversion from an object-only perspective to one that properly treats object and process concepts as distinct kinds. I begin with a re-examination of the Copernican revolution. Recent findings from the history of astronomy suggest that the Copernican revolution was a move from a conceptual framework built around an object concept to one built around a process concept. Drawing from studies in the cognitive sciences, I then show that process concepts are independent of object concepts, grounded in specific regions of the brain and involving unique representational mechanisms. There are cognitive obstacles to the transformation from object to process concepts, and an object bias—a tendency to treat processes as objects—makes this kind of conceptual change difficult. Consequently, transformation from object to process concepts is disruptive and revolutionary. Finally, I explore the implications of this new perspective on scientific revolutions for both the history and philosophy of science.     

基于模糊层次分析法的既有住宅性能综合评价

以综合改建为目的,将既有住宅性能分为安全性、完好性、适用性、节能性、环境性和协调性等6类指标.运用模糊数学方法对层次分析法进行改进,确定各指标的权重,构建既有住宅性能综合评价模型.克服了传统评价方法的主观随意性,全面考虑各类指标的相互影响关系,改善评判过程中的不确定性.通过评价30个不同的案例,验证该评价模型具有综合性、客观性和可操作性的优点.通过案例讨论,提出各类住宅性能改建的实施方法.