明恩溥对清季乡村的认知及社会反应说略——以《中国乡村生活》为中心

美国新教来华教士明恩溥的《中国乡村生活》,是作者记述和评说中国社会尤其是乡村社会的典型文本之一,其中特别着意于对观照对象＂缺陷＂方面的揭示,并从其特定立场出发,思考并提出使之所谓＂纠错改正的建议＂。所贯穿的理念固然不乏偏误之处,但从现象层面的记述来看,毕竟提供了关于当时中国乡村面相的诸多具体生动写照,也有着刺激人们省察、反思的触媒作用。该书及作者的另一相关名著,当年在中国社会引起复杂反应,其中不乏精英辈人物给予过切实重视和理性评析。这在今天,仍有着积极的启示意义。     

浅谈城市集中供热管网优化设计

该文通过阐述集中供热的几个主要问题,其中包括有补偿敷设补偿器隐患、各个热电（源）厂分区不明、没有备用热源和小锅炉供热等然后分别论述了最优解决方案.     

论西魏北周时期中央集权的形成——以六官人员迁转为考察中心

西魏建立后，宇文泰辅政，面对内忧外患，锐意改革六官制度，建立中央六官系统。通过对六官人员的调配，关陇集团与魏宗室的权力得以平衡，形成中央集权的雏形；经过对关陇集团内部六官人员的再调整，宇文护铲除异己，强化了宇文氏在北周政权中的主导性；关陇集团的汉族地主依附于宇文氏政权，进入中央六官系统，宇文氏家族内部开始了新一轮的权力争夺；武帝宇文邕铲除宇文护，集中央军政大权于一身，北周的中央集权最终形成。     

A structural interpretation of measurement and some related epistemological issues

Measurement is widely applied because its results are assumed to be more reliable than opinions and guesses, but this reliability is sometimes justified in a stereotyped way. After a critical analysis of such stereotypes, a structural characterization of measurement is proposed, as partly empirical and partly theoretical process, by showing that it is in fact the structure of the process that guarantees the reliability of its results. On this basis the role and the structure of background knowledge in measurement and the justification of the conditions of object-relatedness (“objectivity”) and subject-independence (“intersubjectivity”) of measurement are specifically discussed.     

明代宦官新论

明代的宦官制度一直为人所诟病,甚至很多人都将明代灭亡的原因归结为宦官,尽管牵强,但是明代宦官为害之深是汉唐两代所不曾有的,既要究其制度成因,更需要对其社会背景下的心理因素进行剖析。     

《算数之钥》中球形穹顶的测量法

中世纪中亚数学家阿尔·卡西在《算术之钥》中不但给出了5种伊斯兰建筑风格拱形门和球形穹顶的设计方案,而且用初等方法计算了其中拱形部分的表面积和体积,遗憾的是,他没有给出球形穹顶部分的表面积和体积的具体计算过程,只用文字叙述了用初等数学方法来计算其中第四类球形穹顶表面积和体积的基本思路,并直接给出了球形穹顶表面积和体积分别与其直径平方和直径立方之比的近似值.讨论了阿尔·卡西的初等算法,并用微积分方法来验证其算法的正确性,同时指出阿尔·卡西得到的数据与实际数据之间的误差.     

Carnap on unified science

Unified science is a recurring theme in Carnap's work from the time of the Aufbau until the end of the 1930's. The theme is not constant, but knows several variations. I shall extract three quite precise formulations of the thesis of unified science from Carnap's work during this period: from the Aufbau, from Carnap's so-called syntactic period, and from Testability and Meaning and related papers. My main objective is to explain these formulations and to discuss their relation, both to each other and to other aspects of Carnap's work.     

浅谈创新在典当业管理中的重要作用

伴随典当业的不断发展,业内人士也在不断创新,典当业存在很大的发展空间。文章就典当模式、内容及管理3方面的创新进行了分析及思考。     

东营凹陷胜坨地区沙三下亚段灰质泥岩分布特征研究

胜坨地区内发育有多个富灰质泥岩的地区,灰质泥岩的发育对砂体的描述造成了一定的影响。为了摸清东营凹陷胜坨地区沙三下亚段灰质泥岩的分布特征,结合前人研究,综合利用岩心、测井、地震、地球化学等资料,对研究区沙三下亚段进行了体系域的划分,划分为低位域、湖侵域和高位域。在各体系域的等时地层格架内进行了地层的精细划分与对比,以研究灰质泥岩的纵向和横向分布情况。高位域灰质泥岩分布特征为从北西向深湖区灰质泥岩厚度逐渐增厚。湖侵域灰质泥岩的分布情况为整体上东部地区比西部地区灰质泥岩厚,东部地区从北向南东方向逐渐减薄,西部地区从北西方向向南东-东逐渐增厚。低位域灰质泥岩的分布特征为从北西向深湖区灰质泥岩厚度逐渐增厚,最厚的位置分布于两个扇体之间地区。     

Cubitermes subarquatus termitaries as shelters for soil fauna in African rainforests

Most soil fauna in tropical rainforests require a pre-existing shelter for at least part of their life cycles. Among termites and ants, the most frequently encountered taxa, the availability of appropriate nesting sites is a major factor controlling the multiplication of colonies. Work carried out in five forests in southern Cameroon indicates that termitaries of Cubitermes subarquatus, whether active or abandoned, provide shelter for large numbers of invasive invertebrates, particularly ants and other termite species, and may be a determining factor in the patchy distribution of many taxa. Dissections of 90 termitaries (65 active, 25 abandoned) produced a great diversity of invasive fauna, including 354 ant colonies representing 75 species in 31 genera. Ants occurred in all abandoned termitaries but 6·1% of active termitaries had no ants present. Nevertheless, in total active termitaries sheltered more ant colonies (273) than did abandoned ones (81). Every termitary examined also sheltered founding pairs or incipient colonies of alien termites, but active C. subarquatus termitaries yielded fewer mature colonies of alien termites (56·9%) than did abandoned ones (84%).