荒野——人类最后的伊甸园——爱德华·艾比散文集《荒野独居》的生态解读

爱德华·艾比被称作“当代的梭罗”,是美国当代著名的生态文学作家.其代表作《荒野独居》被视为美国新文艺复兴的标志,是美国当代优秀的生态散文作品.该作品用诗性语言把生态整体观引入当代人的现实生活中;它展现了荒野对人类精神生活的重要意义,强调自然的内在价值,严厉批判人类控制、征服和掠夺自然的行为,主张建立以生态为中心的自然观,倡导富有诗意的生活方式,这些生态意识极大地促进了当代生态思潮的壮大和环保运动的发展.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in the Gurbantunggut Desert

The plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert located in Xinjiang, China are drought adapted species and grow in generally nutrient-poor soils. A survey was conducted in the desert to determine the arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） status associated with the desert plants which belong to 23 species from 11 families of annuals and perennials. Roots from all plants were examined for the presence of internal and external hyphae, vesicles and coils/arbuscules to determine the status and extent of mycorrhizal colonization. Of the plant species surveyed, 14 （61%） were found to form AM associations, 5 （22%） were possible AM colonized species, and 4 were non-mycorrhizal plants. The proportions of annuals and shrubs forming AM were significantly lower than those of perennials and herbs, respectively. Spore density varied from 5 to 21 per 20 g in soil of root zone. 14 AM fungal taxa in 3 genera were isolated and identified, 10 of which belonged to Glomus, 3 to Acaulospora, and 1 to Archaeospora. Glomus was the dominant genus in all genera identified. G. deserticola and G. etunicatum were the most common taxa isolated, with occurrence frequencies of 77.4% and 74.8%, and relative abundances of 14.4% and 15.5% respectively.     

科尔沁沙地东南部坨甸景观格局变化特征及其原因分析

本文采用景观生态学研究方法,以该地区1987年及2000年TM影象图解译数据为原始数据源,对科尔沁沙地东南部坨甸景观结构、破碎化程度及形状进行了一系列的相关指标计算,分析了其特征变化特征及形成原因.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊面积与水位的非线性关系模拟研究

位于内蒙古阿拉善盟的巴丹吉林沙漠是中国第二大沙漠,以其存在世界上最高的沙山以及约100个湖泊而著称.现今湖面海拔一般为1 150~1 200m,前人研究认为在过去3万年以来的某些时期存在更高的湖面.假设沙丘洼地的形态基本保持不变,可以根据现今湖泊洼地的三维形态来模拟高湖面时期的湖泊群分布特征和总面积.以90m分辨率的DEM数据为基础,对若干典型洼地等高面面积随高程的变化进行了分析,发现可以用幂函数和多项式2种非线性方程模拟.多数情况下需要多项式,但一般只要达到3阶就可以精确拟合.对于湖泊洼地,由于很少有湖水最大深度的数据,湖底最低高程往往是未知的.利用湖面以上的等高面数据建立拟合程度最佳的非线性函数可以反推最低高程,但仍然存在不确定性.这一点对恢复历史上的高湖面形态并没有影响.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and recharge sources of Lake Nuoertu in the Badain Jaran Desert

We present a case study of physical and chemical indicators and isotope characteristics of Lake Nuoertu,one of the largest and deepest lakes of the Badain Jaran Desert.We analyze the concentrations of eight ions,total dissolved solids,and stable isotope composition of the lake and groundwater,as well as radioactive isotope tritium concentration in groundwater.The results show that annual and seasonal variations of the physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Nuoertu water are significantly greater than those of groundwater.The lake is uniformly mixed in the horizontal and vertical directions,and the hydrochemical types of the lake at different depths are consistent for Na–Cl–CO3–(SO4).Stable isotope composition of the lake and groundwater at Nuoertu is distributed along the local evaporation line(EL)slope,which is less than the slope of the global meteoric water line.The comparatively small slope shows the characteristic strong evaporation in the study area.Lake water isotopes are mostly in the upper right corner of the EL,whereas groundwater is mostly in the lower left corner.The main recharge source of Nuoertu lake water is groundwater,in combination with lake water and groundwater level change.The age of tufa springs around Nuoertu is about75–80 a,which shows that the initial recharge source of the lake is a mix between modern and 1952 or older;however,further research is required.     

基于遥感的长时间序列下巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊演化分裂特征分析

巴丹吉林沙漠内湖泊已存在达千年尺度,其地表残留的湖泊演化分裂特征可部分反映地下水变化规律。以往研究多依赖水化学特征的解释,本次基于国产高分卫星数据,从遥感的角度对巴丹吉林沙漠内124个古湖的演化分裂特征进行提取。研究区湖泊水体分裂特征模拟结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠内湖泊在长时间尺度下的演变分裂特征明显、分类聚合形式显著,宏观上各演化分裂特征区间由东南向西北展布,但与研究区地形变化趋势不完全相同,二者在局部存在显著差异。     

甘肃民勤繁殖鸟类群落及演替研究

１９９０年夏，在甘肃民勤进行了１０个繁殖鸟类群落结构及其演替规律的调查。荒漠环境的鸟类群落常形成单种优势，造成群落的鸟类多样性指数降低。对群落相似性系数进行聚类分析得到的聚类图与群落演替过程基本吻合，表明相衔接的演替阶段的群落相似性程度较高。     

二连盆地白北凹陷腾格尔组储层特征及分布规律

为了明确白北凹陷腾格尔组储层特征和分布规律,指导下一步勘探工作。通过白北凹陷6口探井的岩心观察,薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、储层物性等研究,分析了腾格尔组储层岩电特征、物性特征、平面物性特征,并利用测井曲线结合地震资料进行了测井约束反演,研究预测腾格尔组储层分布规律。结果表明:白北凹陷腾格尔组储层的岩石类型以砾岩、砂岩、泥质粉砂岩和灰岩为主,砂岩孔隙类型为粒间孔隙、溶蚀孔隙,储层非均质性很强,为特低孔特低渗-超低孔超低渗储层。储层渗透率的变化主要受相带的影响,孔隙度相对较大的区带主要分布在SC1井东西两侧以及YM4井东部。研究认为在南部斜坡带发育3套储层;在北部西佰分支断层下降盘根部发育2套储层;在西佰断层下降盘根部发育3套储层。     

Respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to climate change

The research on the respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to the climate change is an important component part in the studies on the global climate change. Deserts respond to the climate change, meanwhile, they affect the climate with their feedback of peculiar environment during the respondence. Many researches on desert climate have been carried out at home and abroad. However, there is little research on the respondence and feedback of modern fixed, semi-fixed and mobile deserts in arid areas to the climate change, in which the factor analysis as well as the parameter changing effects is especially the difficult problem all along. In this note, the parameters of the respondence and feedback of Gurbantunggut Desert to the climate change are measured and analyzed, some variable parameters of water-heat exchange are obtained, and a numerical model of desertification is developed according to a series of climate change of about 40 years and the variable relations of meteorological and physical features of the sand surface in Gurbantunggut Desert.