Damage evolution and failure mechanism of thermal barrier coatings under Vickers indentation by using acoustic emission technique

Acoustic emission(AE) technique was adopted to monitor the damage evolution of air plasma-sprayed(APS) yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia(YSZ) thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) during instrumented indentation testing, and then the failure mechanisms were investigated by cluster analysis and wavelet transform methods.The results of cluster analysis showed that there were three classes associated with distinct failure types for the 8YSZ coatings under Vickers indentation. Based on wavelet transform, these three clusters could be clearly distinguished from their dominant frequency bands, which were concentrated on levels A5(0–156.25 kHz), D5(156.25–312.5 kHz) and D4(312.5–625 kHz), respectively. Thus, the failure mechanism of 8YSZ coatings under Vickers indentation could be clarified by the distribution of different failure types in indentation depth. To sum up, as indentation load increases, the 8YSZ coatings can accommodate the indenter by elastic or little plastic deformation, microcracks propagation and then debonding at the splat boundaries. By comparing the distribution of AE signals induced by different failure types in indentation depth for samples with different thermal exposure time, it can be inferred that thermal exposure treatment can accelerate the degradation of APS 8YSZ TBCs.     

力学性能对矿柱体系破坏影响的三维数值分析

在深部高应力等复杂地质条件下开采时,由多个矿柱构成的矿柱体系的稳定性对矿山安全生产至关重要.利用RFPA^3D-Parallel程序,研究了单轴抗压强度对串行和并行矿柱体系破裂过程的影响.结果表明,串行矿柱中强度较弱部分的失稳决定整个体系的稳定,对该段加固和监测有助于体系的稳定性控制;对并行布设的矿柱体系,其压力传递与柱的抗压强度密切相关,较弱柱先破坏,应力依次向强度较高的柱转移,直到矿柱系统失稳;可将声发射数的多峰现象或声发射累积增长阶梯型弧段作为矿柱体系中弱柱失稳破裂、应力向相邻强柱转移的依据.     

含孔花岗岩破裂过程不同区域声发射特征

利用孔洞对声发射(AE)传播的阻隔作用,对AE探头监测区域进行分区.通过含孔花岗岩双轴加载破坏过程的AE多通道监测实验,研究了岩石变形破坏过程不同区域AE特征及其与破坏模式之间的关系.结果表明:试件的AE探头监测区域分为独测区、共测区、盲测区;试件共有两种破坏形式,“V”型和贯穿型;对于“V”型破坏的试件,主破裂发生在独测区,各通道的AE特征明显不同;对于贯穿型破坏试件,主破裂发生于共测区,各通道的AE特征较为相近.     

中国碳排放空间格局的时空演化——基于动态演化及空间集聚的视域

针对中国碳排放的空间相关性和差异性,通过全域空间自相关检验分析中国区域碳排放的空间依赖性和时空跃迁路径,局域空间自相关检验分析中国区域碳排放的空间集聚性,依据时空跃迁测度法对中国区域碳排放散点图的时空演化展开分析.结果显示:中国碳排放省域间存在自相关性,并且表现为一种集聚格局;碳排放的相关性呈逐渐增强的趋势;中国碳排放的空间相关性和局域区域结构具有一定的锁定效应和路径依赖.因此,应该客观理性地看待中国碳排放问题,发展低碳经济和治理碳排放的政策应该主要从空间视域动态地综合考虑.     

一株产纤维素酶的枯草芽孢杆菌 部分生物学特性研究

选用球型压头和十字型压头在RMT-150C岩石力学试验机上对花岗岩分别进行不同加载速率的岩石破碎实验,采用KBD5电磁辐射数据采集系统对岩石破碎过程中产生的电磁辐射信号进行采集处理,应用分形理论分析电磁辐射脉冲数的分形特征.实验结果表明:试件在受载过程中电磁辐射脉冲数与时间具有明显的分形特征,并随加载速率增大电磁辐射信号强度增大,分形维数D也增大,具有很好的相关性;在相同速率的岩石加载破碎条件下,十字型压头电磁辐射分形维数D比球型压头的大,与电磁辐射脉冲信号的强度变化呈相同的规律,利用电磁辐射脉冲信号和分形维数D的相同规律可以更全面地反映岩石的真实破裂过程.     

上海市宝山工业区环境空气中甲苯与苯酚的测量

运用差分光谱吸收(DOAS)技术,于2010年11月至2011年3月对上海市宝山工业区大气中的苯系物进行了连续的观测.观测结果发现,当地环境空气中甲苯和苯酚的浓度较高,均值分别为(67.2±7.1)μg/m3和(1.8±0.3)μg/m3,二者的相关系数为0.69,说明其具有相近的源;现发现苯酚的浓度显著偏高于交通源观测结果,表明其源更为复杂.对苯系物浓度数据的统计分析显示:极大值多出现在晚间(18:00~24:00)并具有较强的瞬时特征,与工业点源排放有关.甲苯和苯酚均呈现"双峰态"的日变化规律,峰值出现在8:00及20:00左右,且工作日浓度高于周末.结合与硫氧化物及氮氧化物的相关性分析发现:当地的苯系物浓度与工业排放、机动车尾气贡献、污染物扩散条件以及光化学反应过程有不同程度的相关性.     

基于贝叶斯推断的脉冲星偏振位置角拟合算法

脉冲星辐射束的偏振位置角与相位的关系可用旋转矢量模型(RVM)描述,现有的Levenberg-Marquardt非线性拟合和格点搜寻算法对RVM的拟合存在效率低、易过拟合等问题。本文发展了一套基于贝叶斯推断的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛算法(MCMC),并用该方法对已有文献中的10颗脉冲星偏振位置角进行了拟合。结果表明,MCMC算法不仅能得到与已有文献一致的结果,而且该算法具有高效、不易过拟合、能更好地估计参数的可信度区间等优点。     

电喷汽油机燃用大比例含水乙醇汽油的试验

在一台JL368Q双燃料多点电喷发动机上进行台架试验,对比分析了3种含水乙醇汽油(E15W、E30W、E50W)的动力性、经济性和排放特性.结果表明:在汽油机结构及参数未做任何调整下,低速时,含水乙醇汽油的转距、功率和93#汽油基本相当,随着转速增大,E15W、E50W略低于93#汽油,E30W仍和汽油基本相当;油耗率E15W比汽油低大约0.35%,随着含醇量的增大,油耗率逐渐升高;3种乙醇汽油的NOx排放均略高于93#汽油,但CO的排放都低于93#汽油,E30W的CO排放在整个测试区间最优.随着含醇量的增加,HC排放能得到不断的改善.     

Evaluation of humic acid removal by a flat submerged membrane photoreactor

A flat submerged membrane combined with a TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor (FSMPR) was employed in batch mode to remove humic acid (HA). HA removal efficiency was characterized by UV 254 absorbance, UV-vis spectra, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The FSMPR process was effective in removing more than 86% of DOC and nearly 100% of UV 254 absorbance, while the THMFPs of samples were reduced to < 19 μ g/L after 150 min of treatment. In addition, changes in transmembrane pressure (TMP) with and without UV were evaluated; TiO 2 /UV was effective at controlling membrane fouling by HA. Analysis of the molecular weight (MW) distributions and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs revealed that the effectiveness in membrane fouling control is a result of changes in HA molecular characteristics. The TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor caused the degradation of high MW, hydrophobic humic-like molecules to low MW, hydrophilic protein-like molecules, although this fraction was not completely removed during 150 min of treatment and was less responsible for membrane fouling.     

Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.