Applications of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning

Systematic conservation planning （SCP） is a widely accepted biodiversity-focused approach to selecting priority areas for protection. Since freshwater ecosystems are globally in urgent need of more conservation and the development of freshwater protected areas has lagged behind such need, SCP is proposed to be widely applied in freshwater conservation. As SCP originates from terrestrial realms, freshwater-specific characteristics should be con- sidered when applied to freshwater systems. The chal- lenges mainly include difficulty in data collection for freshwater species and uncertainty in classification of coarse-filters for representation, while also considering the maintenance of natural connectivity in fresh waters and taking longitudinal, lateral, and climate-change-caused threats into account. Only by addressing these issues may the representativeness and persistence of freshwater bio- diversity be ensured in the proposed conservation network. Though challenging at times, the application of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning has been widely attempted throughout the last 12 years and applied in different freshwater ecosystems at different scales. In addition, the consideration of freshwater-specific issues has been becoming more and more comprehensive. This review divides the whole process of SCP into successive steps while discussing detailed applications of freshwater planning at each step. First, according to the review, each step attempts to explore many alternatives, such as usingsurrogates from the species level to the ecosystem level （or a combination within this range） to represent the spatial variation of freshwater biodiversity, deriving raw data from various sources to use for planning, applying different techniques to expand or integrate data, setting various target forms to ensure representativeness or persistence, considering existing protected areas in different ways in the process of planning, using priority principles in various paradigms for both representativ     

A shortest path algorithm for moving objects in spatial network databases

One of the most important kinds of queries in Spatial Network Databases （SNDB） to support location-based services （LBS） is the shortest path query. Given an object in a network, e.g. a location of a car on a road network, and a set of objects of interests, e.g. hotels, gas station, and car, the shortest path query returns the shortest path from the query object to interested objects. The studies of shortest path query have two kinds of ways, online processing and preprocessing. The studies of preprocessing suppose that the interest objects are static. This paper proposes a shortest path algorithm with a set of index structures to support the situation of moving objects. This algorithm can transform a dynamic problem to a static problem. In this paper we focus on road networks. However, our algorithms do not use any domain specific information, and therefore can be applied to any network, This algorithm＇s complexity is O（klog2i）, and traditional Diikstra＇s comolexitv is O（（i ＋ k）^2）.     

西藏念青唐古拉山东段冰湖的时空分布特征及其影响因素探讨

冰湖是研究气候变化的重要指标之一,了解冰湖分布和变化的特征,对认识冰湖与气候之间关系和研究冰湖溃决泥石流灾害有着重要意义。本文拟利用1976年、1988年、2001年和2013年四个期次冰川、冰湖的遥感解译结果进行分析,得出1976年至2013年念青唐古拉山东段冰川与冰湖发育分布特征,对念青唐古拉山区东段冰川消融以及气候垂直变化具有一定的指示作用,同时为冰湖溃决泥石流灾害的预测预警提供依据。     

基于ESDA的湖北省县域经济空间差异分析

使用探索性空间数据分析方法(ESDA)研究了2000-2011年间湖北省县域人均GDP的空间分布格局,对其经济总体和局部空间差异的变化趋势、分布特征和成因进行初步分析。计算结果表明,湖北省县域经济空间差异在总体上呈缩小趋势。局部分析表明武汉城市圈和荆宜城市群扩散作用明显,显著性相似区域扩大,周边区域有同步发展的势态。县域总体经济差异的缩小和典型区域的扩散效应并不能说明全省区域经济协调发展,在循环积累作用下区域间差异可能会扩大。     

我国省域科技创新关联与知识溢出效果的空间计量分析

针对我国科技研发与知识创新的生产活动存在空间效应的问题,运用空间计量经济学的研究方法,以省域作为观察基点,考察我国科技创新活动的空间聚集状况,并针对其主要影响因素进行实证检验与分析,建议在区域经济发展中考虑与科技投入、自主研发相关的空间效应的影响。     

社区青少年的空间体验：教育人类学的视角

基于教育人类学的视角,从社区青少年的空间叙述中可以发现,他们的家庭空间和社区空间分别具有不同的性质,并且这两种空间之间具有特定的互动模式。在“社区”和“青少年”之间存在着复杂的互动,其中蕴含着发展社区教育的广阔空间。社区青少年教育应关注社区意识培育、青少年参与策略和社区学习情境营造等方面。     

温带针阔混交林区树种胸径生长的空间差异性

利用方差分析理论研究了样地各树种在各径阶生长量的空间差异性,结果表明：在温带针阔混交林区中红松、云杉、冷杉、水曲柳、胡桃楸、黄菠萝等树种在各径阶的生长量受海拔、坡向和坡度不同的影响较大,而落叶松、柞树和杨树等树种在各径阶的生长量受地理位置的影响较小,坡位因素对于各树种的生长影响均较小.     

基于分形理论的黑龙江省城镇体系空间分布研究

运用分形理论对黑龙江省城镇体系空间分布进行实证分析,通过分维数计算和牛鸦维数的比值分析揭示出黑龙江省城镇体系空间分布较为紧凑、城市空间格局呈线状沿主要交通线分布特征,分析也表明黑龙江省城市之间的交通通达性还有较大的提升空间.根据各地市条件因地制宜的开展交通建设、依托八大经济区发展推动路网覆盖、加快现代交通网络体系完善是黑龙江省城镇体系空间分布优化的重要措施.     

基于邻域空间模式的运动相关电位特征提取新方法

模式分类是基于脑电图（EEG）的脑-机接口(BCI)研究的重要环节之一.针对不同的BCI任务,所采用的分类特征和分类算法也不同.其中,运动相关电位（MRPs）现象是BCI想象肢体运动分类算法中的所用到的重要分类特征.针对BCI研究中的采集EEG数据分布复杂,和训练样本不足重要问题,本文提出一种新的MRPs特征提取方法—邻域空间模式 (NSP),利用邻域关系和类别信息,有效提取了分类性能更强的MRPs特征.最后的实验结果证明了NSP算法能更有效提取分类特征.     

WebGIS中空间数据库的研究与实现

研究了GIS数据,比较分析了空间数据的组织管理方式。并建立了基于Oracle Spatial的对象关系型空间数据库,实现了对WebGIS的数据的存储、管理及共享。测试结果表明,该数据库运行准确可靠,具有很好的实用性和推广价值。