Value-entanglement and the integrity of scientific research

Throughout much of the 20th century, philosophers of science maintained a position known as the value-free ideal, which holds that non-epistemic (e.g., moral, social, political, or economic) values should not influence the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. In the last few decades, many philosophers of science have rejected this position by arguing that non-epistemic values can and should play an important role in scientific judgment and decision-making in a variety of contexts, including the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. Rejecting the value-free ideal creates some new and vexing problems, however. One of these is that relinquishing this philosophical doctrine may undermine the integrity of scientific research if practicing scientists decide to allow non-epistemic values to impact their judgment and decision-making. A number of prominent philosophers of science have sought to show how one can reject the value-free ideal without compromising the integrity of scientific research. In this paper, we examine and critique their views and offer our own proposal for protecting and promoting scientific integrity. We argue that the literature on research ethics and its focus on adherence to norms, rules, policies, and procedures that together promote the aims of science can provide a promising foundation for building an account of scientific integrity. These norms, rules, policies, and procedures provide a level of specificity that is lacking in most philosophical discussions of science and values, and they suggest an important set of tasks for those working in science and values—namely, assessing, justifying, and prioritizing them. Thus, we argue that bringing together the literature on research ethics with the literature on science and values will enrich both areas and generate a more sophisticated and detailed account of scientific integrity.     

陈独秀的科学论思想

陈独秀在新文化运动前后,高举德先生和赛先生两面大旗,就科学论发表了诸多见解。本文主要阐述他关于科学和科学方法、科学的功能或价值、科学与人生或人生观之关系的观点,并做了必要的点评;最后评介了陈独秀介绍批判学派代表人物之一奥斯特瓦尔德的文章,并就此提出笔者独有的看法。     

Photo-improved hydrogen evolution reaction activity of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst

The effect of CdS content on the photo-induced improvement of hydrogen evolution reaction activity of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst was investigated. Although the electrons transferred from CdS to Pt in the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst increased with the CdS content under illumination, the electrochemical active surface area of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst decreased with the CdS content, resulting that the photo-induced improvement of hydrogen evolution reaction activity of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst decreased with the CdS content.     

高校文科计算机基础教学中有关问题的研讨

讨论了在教学实践中应重视基本的概念、方法的传授;程序设计是大学必修课以及实践考核等问题.     

资源、科学技术与经济增长的系统分析模型

本文提出将资源与科学技术作为生产要素的总量生产函数,从信息处理的角度衡量经济系统的效率,建立兼顾当前消费水平与长远发展实力为目标的最优化模型.给出实现最优经济增长的投资模式.     

花毛茛植株再生途径的离体调控

花毛茛的叶接种子ＭＳ＋２，４－Ｄｌｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡｌ＋６－ＢＡ２的培养基上，３－４周后，形成愈伤组织，将愈伤组织分别转移到ＭＳ＋２，４－Ｄ１－２和ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１．５－２．５的培养基上，培养４周左右，从愈伤组织表面通过胚状体发生和不定芽发生两条途径形成植株；而将叶接种于ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ２＋ＮＡＡ０．２－０．５＋ＬＨ５００的培养基上，则可在叶和叶片的过渡区不经过愈伤组织直接分化出芽并形成植株。     

经济与社会协调发展——对辉县市孟庄镇社会发展综合实验区的调查

该镇根据《中国２１世纪议程》和实验区总体规划的要求,以改革为动力,以科技为先导,以工补农,积极探索经济与社会协调的新路子,１９９５年全镇上交税金２５００万元,比１９９４年增长１０％农民人均纯收入达到２１００元,比１９９４年增加２７０元。