亚当·弗格森《罗马共和国发展和衰亡史》中道德评判新论

亚当.弗格森的《罗马共和国发展和衰亡史》体现出鲜明的道德说教色彩,这主要体现在他对罗马元老院和马尔库斯.加图的称颂与对盖乌斯.凯撒和格耐乌斯.庞培等专政者的批判上。这招致了后世诸多史家的非议。但是,重新认识《罗马共和国发展和衰亡史》中的道德评判依然很有必要。首先,道德评判是18世纪理性主义史学家们普遍具有的倾向;其次,亚当.弗格森对一些历史人物和事件不仅自觉地抑制住自己的道德评判,而且作出了深刻的历史性论断;最后,对于《罗马共和国发展和衰亡史》中的道德评判,亚当.弗格森也给出了明确的解释。可见,绝大部分情况下,亚当.弗格森还是努力恪守其＂叙而不断＂的著史风格。     

论欧洲历史上的罗马帝国"情结"

罗马帝国对欧洲古典文明发展的贡献特别是它的“大一统”统治深深地印刻在了欧洲历史上，成为萦绕欧洲人心头的一种“情结”。罗马的统治被视为“正统”，拥有“罗马皇帝”头衔的统治者被认为是“正宗”和“合法”的。从中世纪直到现代，借罗马帝国的名号谋求“统一”或霸权是欧洲的一种历史现象，罗马重要的遗产——基督教也成为欧洲历史上重要的整合力量。罗马帝国“情结”是当今欧洲人认同联合的重要情感基础。     

试论欧洲共同体成立的历史条件

文章从4个方面论述了欧洲共同体成立的历史条件，认为欧洲共同体在20世纪50年代的欧洲出现，绝非偶然，是时代的产的。     

Sexual maturation in female rats: Hereditary,developmental and environmental aspects

Two physiological components of sexual maturation, vaginal opening and first estrus, apparently evolve similarly in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. However, a bimodal distribution in the frequency of the days of vaginal opening is observed within a given strain, which is less related to heredity than to the timing and type of experiment. In addition, when the modulators of sexual maturation are reviewed, it can be observed that sensitivity to external stimuli can vary even within a strain. For a defined set of breeding conditions, one group of rats can be more susceptible to changes in the lighting regimen and not be affected by controlled stressors, while another group responds more to stress and less to light. The reason for susceptibility to one rather than another environmental factor under similar breeding conditions is not understood. In that context, it is difficult to evaluate the role of heredity when we cannot understand the full impact of the environment, not to mention maternal influence in fetal and early life. Using two lines of psychogenetically selected rats, it was possible to show that they had differences in sexual maturation, which strongly suggested a genetic predisposition. Nevertheless, the question arises as to whether the genetic locus directly affects organs implicated in sexual maturation or whether it acts on some unknown factor which only secondarily modifies sexual maturation. In summary, there is more need to understand the role of the environment, including that of the mother early in fetal and neonatal life. It is suggested that the mechanisms underlying organ growth are set for a given species, while developmental and environmental factors fix the timing of vaginal opening and first ovulation. In the rat, there appear to be two times which are preferred for vaginal opening, given the laboratory conditions that have been used in the last 20 or so years: an early period, at 31–35 days, and a late period, at 36–40 days. An explanation for this dichotomy would be that a combination of parameters (not necessarily always the same) is needed for vaginal opening. These parameters oscillate during sexual maturation with different frequencies, which can achieve resonance to lead to vaginal opening and ovulation only during given periods.     

唐代景教之地域背景及名称质疑

景教于唐贞观九年(635年)由波斯传教士阿罗本(Olopen)传至长安。在唐代以至后代的一些历史文献中均记载阿罗本为“波斯僧”,他在长安所建的景教会堂在最初一百余年间亦被称为“波斯寺”,由他传入的教义被称为“波斯经教”。可是,明代(1625年)出土、刻于唐德宗建中二年(781年)的大秦景教流行中国碑却称阿罗本为“大秦国大德”。碑文诠释了“景教”教名的来历,却只字未提“波斯经教”或“波斯寺”。文章就历史文献记载的差异,对景教的地域背景及名称提出质疑。     

满文单词罗马转写智能算法设计

在研究了满文单词的组成以及满文与罗马字母相互转换规则的基础上,构建了罗马字母与满文字母的转写关系,提出了一种简单有效的满文字母编码规则,设计了一种新的罗马转写智能算法。提出的编码规则具有唯一性,解决了罗马转写过程中罗马字母与满文字母一音多形的问题,提高罗马转写的准确率。经测试,该智能算法完成了满文单词罗马转写的功能,转换准确率为100%。     

中世纪基督教若干问题辨析

欧洲中世纪一般被作为愚昧和黑暗的代名词,这个时期基督教获得了文化的垄断地位,可以说这个时期的历史就是基督教的发展史。基督教在中世纪的欧洲成为一种居于统治地位的意识形态是有其历史必然性的,是西方社会和文化发展的必然结果。中世纪基督教的统治为当时的社会和历史文化做出了应有的贡献,但也留下了无尽的弊端,因此才有了文艺复兴和近代西方哲学对基督教的大加鞭挞。     

The censoring of Galileo’s Sunspot Letters and the first phase of his trial

Galileo’s Sunspot Letters, published in 1613, underwent extensive censorship before publication. It seems likely that the Roman Inquisition had charge of the pre-publication review of Galileo’s work, rather than the usual organ, the Master of the Sacred Palace. A study of that process demonstrates that the issue to which the censors objected was Galileo’s use of the bible, not his allegiance to Copernicus. In the course of the first phase of Galileo’s trial, orchestrated by one of the most powerful Cardinal Inquisitors, two propositions allegedly drawn from the book were judged either “formally heretical” or “at least erroneous in the faith.” These judgments might have come not from the published book but from the Inquisition’s censorship of its drafts. They supported Galileo’s silencing in 1616.     

古代掸国位置考辨--兼论掸国不是傣掸民族建立的国家

掸国是东汉时期记录到的国家,曾三次遣使到东汉首都洛阳访问。关于掸国的位置,国内学者普遍认为在今缅甸掸邦或邻近地区,并普遍认为掸国乃傣掸民族建立的国家。在国内外学者已有研究的基础上,从掸国的读音、掸国的下落、当时的国际局势、相关文献记录形成的历史背景及其所隐含的信息等方面进行考辨,得出如下结论:掸国不是傣掸民族建立的国家,也不位于缅甸掸邦或东南亚的其它任何地域,掸国应该就是罗马帝国。     

"礼仪之争"与康熙禁教

发生在明末清初来华传教士内部的"礼仪之争",最初是从文化层面展开的,它表明的是中西两种不同文化如何相互理解、相互阐释的沟通问题.但随着罗马教廷和康熙皇帝的先后介入,"礼仪之争"成为他们争夺中国教会控制权和受教信徒的工具."礼仪之争"最终导致了康熙晚年的禁教.