人硫氧还蛋白对脑缺血作用的CT灌注与SOD相关性的实验研究

目的研究人硫氧还蛋白(hTRX)对局灶性兔脑缺血/再灌注损伤后脑组织的保护作用,并探讨其清除氧自由基的生物学活性.方法采用线栓法制成一侧兔脑缺血/再灌注模型(栓塞6 h,再灌注18 h),将25只雄性新西兰白兔随机分成假手术组(Sham组,5只)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组,10只)和缺血/再灌注 hTRX治疗组(I/R hTRX组,10只),I/R hTRX组给予hTRX(0.75 mg/kg体质量),Sham组、I/R组以等容积的生理盐水取代hTRX;分别于梗死后6 h及再灌注后18 h做CT灌注图像,观察脑梗死面积,计算出其所占同侧大脑半球面积的百分比(HLA%);检测脑组织匀浆中SOD,MDA含量.结果脑缺血/再灌注后,脑梗死范围显著,脑组织匀浆中SOD明显下降,MDA明显升高(与假手术组比较,P<0.01);而应用hTRX能显著减小脑梗死面积,降低MDA及升高SOD含量(与B组比较,P<0.01).结论重组hTRX对脑缺血/再灌注损伤有显著的治疗作用.     

冶金工厂氧气站设计及优化

通过比较深冷法、变压吸附、膜分离三种空气分离方法;内压缩与外压缩两种深冷流程的优缺点,分析了炼钢等主体工艺的需求．确定适合工程的氧气站的生产流程及规模。氧气站的设计中采用了优化改进措施,主要目的是节能降耗,安全生产。     

Stability of PGM-free fuel cell catalysts: Degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies

While Platinum group metals (PGM) free catalysts are promising alternatives to expensive Pt as the cathode catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, their rapid degradation must be addressed for the commercial feasibility. This review provides a historical survey of the possible degradation mechanisms of PGM-free catalysts. Decades of extensive studies confirm that carbon oxidation and demetalation are primarily responsible for the instability, whereas the mechanisms of protonation and micropore flooding are strongly criticized. Based on the mechanism understanding, the mitigation strategies for improving stability are discussed in detail. Finally, some directions to achieve high-performance and durable PGM-free catalysts are proposed.     

Surface modifications of Pt-based atomically ordered nanoparticles to improve catalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction

Bimetallic platinum-cobalt (Pt–Co) nanostructure catalysts represent superior catalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In a variety of Pt–Co catalyst structures, atomically ordered structure catalysts show excellent catalytic performances in the ORR. In this work, for promoting their catalytic performances, atomically ordered PtCo nanoparticles (PtCo/C) with carbon supported were successfully prepared by an improved impregnation method and annealing. Then, the ordered PtCo/C catalysts have been significantly improved by doped with ultralow amount of Au and Cr transition metal. The physical and electrochemical test results demonstrate the Cr–PtCo/C and Au–PtCo/C catalysts have superior catalytic performances including mass activity and stability compared to commercialized Johnson Matthey (JM) Pt/C, which was the result of the modified electronic properties of Pt surface and atomically ordered structure. The presence of Au and Cr enhances the stability of PtCo/C catalysts. This work represents a simple way to promote the catalytic performances of the atomically ordered catalysts.     

Surface-confined Pt-based catalysts for strengthening oxygen reduction performance

Developing highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key to the fabrication of commercially viable fuel cell devices for future energy applications. Considerable progress has been made to reduce Pt usage and improve performance of the Pt catalysts by modulating exposed facets of Pt nanocrystals and combining Pt with other metals to generate bimetallic nanocrystals with structures in the form of alloys, core-shells, branches or anisotropies. Apart from the above methods, confining Pt-based nanoparticles (NPs) surfaces with elaborately selected layers such as polymers, silicon or carbons can also lead to an optimized Pt electronic structure, which is beneficial to ORR process. In this minireview, we summarize the recent advancements in the area of surface-confined Pt-based electrocatalysts for ORR with emphasis on introducing the design strategies and synthesis methodologies. The integration of these catalysts into ORR operations and the resulting performance as well as the strengthening mechanisms is also discussed. Meanwhile, the insights into the research directions are proposed in order to shed light on the future development of surface-confined Pt-based ORR catalysts.     

Influence of pore size optimization in catalyst layer on the mechanism of oxygen transport resistance in PEMFCs

In PEMFC, the oxygen transport resistance severely hinders the cell from achieving high performance. In this paper, pore-forming agent was used to optimize the pore size distribution of the catalyst layer (CL), and to study its effect on the mechanism of oxygen transport resistance, including molecular diffusion resistance, Knudsen diffusion resistance, and local O₂ resistance in CL. The results showed that with the pore formation the cell performance had a significant improvement at high current density, mainly due to its better oxygen transport properties, especially under low platinum conditions. The addition of pore-forming agent moved the pore diameter toward a larger pore diameter with a range from 70 to 100 nm, and also obtaining a higher cumulative pore volume. It was found that the increase of the cumulative pore volume and larger pore size were conducive to the diffusion of oxygen molecules in CL, and the resistance caused by which was the dominant part in total transport resistance. Further tests indicated that the improvement of molecular diffusion resistance was much larger than that of Knudsen diffusion resistance in the catalyst layer after pore formed. In addition, the optimized pore structure will also get a higher number of effective pores, which resulted in an increased effective area of the ionomer on the Pt surface. The higher effective area of the ionomer was particularly beneficial for the reduction of local O₂ resistance with low Pt loading.     

Effect of supporting materials on the electrocatalytic activity,stability and selectivity of noble metal-based catalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions

Carbonaceous and alternative supporting materials for platinum(Pt) and palladium(Pd) have been explored for the cathodic electrocatalysis in low-temperature fuel cells. Pd and Pt are widely used for catalysis owing to their remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward water splitting and fuel cell reactions. Supporting materials play a paramount role in defining electrocatalytic properties such as durability, selectivity, and activity. The conventional supporting material such as carbon black is unable to fit all the requirements under the severe operating conditions of fuel cells due to its poor corrosion resistance and limited mass transport of fuels to active catalyst sites. Nowadays the scientific research is being concentrated on devising different altered carbonic and carbonfree supporting materials for catalysts to improve the catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity of noble metal electrocatalysts. Lately, Pt, Pd and their alloy catalysts supported on modified carbonaceous and carbon-free materials have attracted solid interest owing to their prominent characteristics contributing to the remarkable fuel cell efficacy. Therefore, it is reasonable to explore this theme, regarding a variety of supporting materials,their advantages, drawbacks and future perspectives. In this mini-review, we selectively summarize recent advancements on several types of key supporting materials: carbon(graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, and doped carbon nanostructures), non-carbon(transition metals oxides, borides, nitrides, and carbides)and hybrid nanocomposites.     

Ag修饰La0.6Sr0.4MnO3基催化剂氧物种的谱学表征

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备钙钛矿型La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 氧化物, 并用Ag 对其进行修饰,制得Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 催化剂.活性评价结果显示, Ag 的修饰能显著提高原基质催化剂La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 对低浓度CH3OH和CO完全氧化的催化活性, 相应于95% CH3OH和CO转化所需反应温度T95分别可低至421 和370 K. 催化剂的XPS和LRS谱学表征结果揭示, 在6% Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3上, 具高度反应活性的表面氧物种O22- (a)和O-(a)在总表面氧中所占克分子百分数(m ol% )几近未经Ag 修饰的基质体系La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 的两倍. O2-TPD测试结果证实,Ag 对La0.6Sr0.4MnO3基质的修饰、掺杂和部分取代使其对O2 的低温吸附能力大为提高,诱生出一类数量可观具有低温吸-脱附性能的吸附氧物种. 本文结果表明, Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 催化剂对CH3OH和CO完全氧化高的催化活性与Ag 的修饰提高了催化剂对氧的低温吸附活化能力, 并使催化剂上对CHX, CH3OH, HCHO和CO具高度反应活性的表面氧物种O22- (a)和O-(a)的相对含量明显增加密切相关.     

安固里淖自生碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成与环境

湖泊自生碳酸盐碳氧同位素变化是反映内陆湖泊水环境与气候环境的重要指标．通过在河北坝上安固里淖钻取沉积样柱,分样进行自生碳酸盐矿物类型分析和碳氧同位素分析,结合剖面的纹层年代以及粒度分析和易溶盐分析,对湖泊地区的全新世古环境进行了探讨：8507—7909 a B．P．,湖区气温较高,蒸发量大,夏季风先减弱随后增强．7909—7004 a B．P．,冬季风较强,气温低,蒸发量小,湖水盐度高;7004—5491 a B．P．,气温较高,降雨量大,湖水冰冻时间短,相当于大暖期鼎盛阶段;5491—4617 a B．P．,大气湿度低,气温低,冬季风较强,湖泊冰冻时间长,代表大暖期气候剧烈波动阶段;4617—574 a B．P．,冬季风较强,降水量少,河流补给少,湖泊冰冻时间较长;574 a B．P．至今,冬季风较弱,冰冻时间缩短,气候向暖湿发展．安固里淖自生碳酸盐碳氧同位素反映的环境变化与我国北方地区的全新世环境以及海平面的变化基本一致。     

Distribution,ecology, and oxygen and carbon isotope characteristics of modern planktonic foraminifers in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean

The Arctic region, with magnificent ice cover on the surface of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, is not only extremely sensitive to but also has strong amplification effects on climate change. Observations during the past decades have documented substantial retreat and thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover, a process that is accelerating. Its feedback and impact on the global climate has become an important subject of current climate change research. Calcite tests of planktonic foraminifers are major constituents in pelagic sediments, and they provide valuable materials for the reconstruction of past oceanographic conditions. However, research is still sparse in the Arctic sea area because of limited availability of the materials for investigation. Here, we present a study of modern foraminifers from the plankton tow samples taken in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean during the fourth Arctic expedition of China. We have analyzed ecological information stored in the modern planktonic foraminifers and in their stable isotope signals, and established a relationship between the distribution of the main taxa and the environment. Our main observations are as follows:(1) in the Makarov Basin, the polar species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sinistral coiling) dominates the [150 lm planktonic foraminiferal assemblages.(2) The planktonic foraminifers live mainly in the upper halocline at a water depth of 50–100 m and less in the depth interval of 100–200 m.(3) Temperature change in the halocline can affect the absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifers and their distribution in the water column. The warmer halocline is more favorable to the development of planktonic foraminifers.(4) A lighter d18O value(2.11 %) of N. pachyderma(sin.) is recorded in the depth interval of 100–200 m, which is likely related to the isotopically light brines separated out during sea ice freezing. The relatively heavy d18O value(1.68 %–2.68 %, average 2.27 %) in the depth interval of 50–100 m may be influenced by the low salinity water with the relatively heavy d18O value formed during the sea-ice melting in the surface layer.