Relations between Karl Popper and Michael Polanyi

Karl Popper and Michael Polanyi grew up in central Europe and, having escaped from Nazism, went on to pursue academic careers in Britain where they wrote prolifically on science and politics. Popper and Polanyi corresponded with each other, and met for discussions in the late 1940s and early 50s, but they seldom referred to each other in their publications. This article examines their correspondence so as to produce a picture of their intellectual relations. The most important of the letters was one that Popper wrote in 1952, which we reproduce in its entirety, indicating his dissatisfaction with ideas that Polanyi had expressed in a paper of that year, ‘The Stability of Beliefs’. In this paper, Polanyi used the example of the framework of Zande witchcraft to shed analogical light on science and other systems of belief, arguing that ‘frameworks of belief’ equip their adherents with intellectual powers whose use reinforces commitment to the framework, inoculating adherents against criticism. Polanyi’s 1952 paper and his 1951 and 1952 Gifford Lectures (to which that paper is intimately tied) are the first articulation of Polanyi’s sharp rejection of the modern critical philosophical tradition that by implication included Popper’s philosophical ideas. The 1952 paper is also part of Polanyi’s constructive philosophical effort to set forth a fiduciary philosophy emphasizing commitment. Popper regarded Polanyi’s position as implying cognitive relativism and irrationalism, and from the time of Polanyi’s 1952 paper their personal relationship became strained. Discord between them became publicly manifest when Polanyi subtitled his book Personal Knowledge (1958), Towards a post-critical philosophy, and Popper lambasted the idea of a ‘post-critical’ philosophy in his Preface in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959).     

基于静态分析方法的软件可靠性模型研究

随着网络通讯与计算机应用的不断发展,软件可靠性问题日益受到关注。针对更新COTS或开源组建,提供了一种定量评估软件可靠性的方法模型。该模型结合了静态分析源代码方法,对执行路径进行有限测试,并建立贝叶斯信任网络,构建一个综合的软件可靠性度量模型。最后使用STREW[1]工具对3个开源程序进行实验验证,得到了实验结果,证明模型有效。     

知识获取的多层证据网络模型

本文从诊断问题求解知识的一种组织形式——证据网络出发,讨论了将领域知识转换成证据网络的各种策略,并由此提出了知识获取的多层证据网络模型。根据该模型我们开发了交互式知识获取系统KAS-CEI,并将该系统用于汽车发动机故障诊断专家系统(AEFDES)知识库的建造。     

含纯正断面的半群

本文我们研究半群的一种断面－纯正断面，它是比逆断面更广泛的的一种断面。我们引入0－格林关系这个工具，采用Lawson提出的研究正则半群的新的研究办法－正则半群是子半群的一个特殊扩张－整体逆扩张（enlargement)，研究含纯正断面的半群的等价刻划，得到含纯正断面半群的一些性质。最后还证明了，如果S^0是E^0－完全半群，则逆断面与纯正断面是等价的。     

带C-逆断面的正则半群

本文定义了一种新的道断面──C—逆断面。讨论了带C—道断面的正则半群的性质及同余关系;并给出了C逆断面存在的充要条件。     

泰山与冥界

泰山作为中国实有山岳之一,五岳之宗,在民间信仰中具有重要地位和神奇力量,古代地震引发的泰山崩塌被视为灾异的征兆;古人祭拜时的至敬之礼被形容为"五体投地,如泰山崩"。从印度佛典的翻译开始,泰山便被作为"地狱"的译语,从而促使泰山原有的民间冥界信仰和佛、道地狱观混合,产生一个具有井然秩序的官僚制度的地狱世界,并被作为现世生活的延伸而流传开来。