Effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure and thermal durability of a third-generation single crystal superalloy

Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are the typical structural materials for high-pressure turbine blades, and their microstructure is critical in determining their mechanical properties. The withdrawal rate is a key parameter affecting the microstructure during the single crystal growth process. In the present work the effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure of a third-generation single crystal superalloy containing 6.8 ?wt% Re has been investigated, and the creep resistance of the alloy determined. The results showed that increased withdrawal rate refined the dendritic structure, reduced dendritic arm spacing, promoted the growth of secondary tertiary dendrites and decreased solidification segregation with a reduced size of γ′ phase. The porosity density of the as-cast alloy first decreased and then increased with the withdrawal rate, while the minimum porosity densityoccurred when the alloy was under the solidification condition of withdrawal rate of 4.5 ?mm/min. The maximum creep rupture life of 326.4 ?h of the heat-treated alloys under the test condition of 1100 ?°C/140 ?MPa also appeared at the alloys under the withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. It is believed that the minimum porosity density and reduced size of the γ′ phase may be the main reasons for the enhanced creep rupture life of the alloys with withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. This investigation provides theoretical support and a practical basis for the development of third-generation single crystal superalloys.     

Studies on thermally grown oxide as an interface between plasma-sprayed coatings and a nickel-based superalloy substrate

A thermally grown oxide layer formed by hot corrosion was investigated as an interface between plasma-sprayed coatings and a nickel-based superalloy substrate. The hot corrosion mechanism of NiCr-Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-40wt% TiO₂ (A40T) plasma coated Inconel 617 was evaluated. The experiments were carried out at 1000℃ using a combination of Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and ₂O₅ salts to simulate the conditions of a gas turbine in a marine environment. The hot corrosion results revealed the spallation and dissolution of oxides upon prolonged exposure. Optical images and scanning electron micrographs of the exposed samples revealed the formation of oxide scale and provided details of its morphology in NiCr-Cr₂O₃ coated samples. Microstructure characterization of A40T coatings demonstrated a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer at 1000℃. Increasing the thickness of the TGO layer decreased the corrosion resistance. The elemental analysis and image mapping revealed the migration of active elements from the substrate and coatings toward the corrosive environment.     

单晶镍基高温合金DD98微铣削表面质量试验

为研究单晶高温合金的微铣削表面质量,使用M.A.FORD双刃端铣刀,刀刃直径为0.8 mm,试验材料为单晶高温合金DD98,完成正交试验研究.通过极差分析找出主轴转速、进给速度、铣削深度对微铣削表面质量影响的主次因素,即主轴转速的影响最大,铣削深度其次,进给速度最小;采用统计学知识,获得切削工艺参数的优化组合,使表面粗糙度最小,即主轴转速为n=3.6 kr/min,铣削深度为ap=5μm,进给速度为v=100μm/s,对此优化方案重复试验,表面粗糙度值为951 nm.并对其切削机理和影响表面质量及形貌的原因进行深入的分析,对单晶高温合金的微加工理论的机理揭示具有一定的指导意义.     

单晶镍基高温合金微铣削力试验

以单晶镍基高温合金DD98为研究对象,从单晶高温合金微观组织分析材料去除机理,得出DD98滑移面为密排面{111},滑移向为密排方向110,克服阻力最小,最易滑移.采用双刃微铣刀对单晶镍基高温合金DD98进行正交试验,通过极差分析比较获得切削参数对微铣削力的影响程度.结果表明,主轴转速的影响最大,进给速度其次,铣削深度最小.通过优化获得理想的切削参数为:主轴转速36 000 r/min,铣削深度5μm,进给速度20μm/s,此时微铣削力最小.并对其原因进行深入分析,为单晶高温合金的微加工理论的机理揭示提供理论参考和试验依据.     

荧光实时定量PCR检测尼罗罗非鱼GH、GHR、IGF-I基因方法的建立及初步应用

 为了准确分析尼罗罗非鱼生长激素（growth hormone , GH）、生长激素受体（growth hormone receptors, GHRs）和胰岛素样生长因子I （Insulin like growth factor-I,IGF I）在早期发育阶段的作用,实验设计了尼罗罗非鱼GH、GHR、IGF I基因的特异性引物,提 取垂体或肝脏总RNA并扩增出目的片段,将PCR产物克隆到pGEM-T Easy载体,经质粒PCR扩增、酶切和测序鉴定重组质粒,构建 标准曲线等,成功建立了GH、GHR、IGF-I基因荧光实时定量PCR检测方法。运用建立的荧光实时定量 PCR检测了尼罗罗非鱼GH 、GHR和IGF I基因表达的发育性变化。结果表明在早期发育阶段,尼罗罗非鱼GH 与 IGF-I,GHR1与 GHR2的mRNA表达存在一 定的互补关系;GH的表达与GHR1的表达呈显著正相关,提示GH与IGF-I,GHR1与GHR2在尼罗罗非鱼早期发育的不同阶段起主导 作用,且GH可能主要通过与GHR1的结合起作用。     

多轴载荷下GH4169合金疲劳寿命预测

基于多轴疲劳临界损伤面原理,在对GH4169合金薄壁圆管和缺口试件的高温疲劳特性及有限元应力-应变关系进行分析的基础上,通过引入三轴因子FT,应用von-Mises准则提出了一个能够适用于GH4169合金不同应力状态的多轴疲劳损伤参量.新的损伤参量考虑了临界面上最大剪应变和法向应变对多轴疲劳损伤的不同以及应力状态对多轴疲劳寿命的影响.该多轴疲劳损伤参量不含有经验常数,便于工程应用.利用新的多轴疲劳损伤参量,结合Manson-Coffin方程,建立了新的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型.预测结果表明,该模型较准确地预测了GH4169合金薄壁圆管和缺口试件的高温多轴疲劳寿命.     

涡轮叶片用GH4033高温低周疲劳特性实验研究

采用总应变控制方法,在INSTRON8032上对镍基高温合金GH4033在400、500、600、700 ℃温度下的疲劳行为进行了研究,用扫描电镜观察了疲劳断口.采用Manson-Coffin方程对实验结果进行了分析,得到了该材料的高温低周疲劳特性参数.从断口的扫描电镜照片中看出:高温疲劳失效断口的萌生区断裂机制为沿晶断裂,扩展区为沿晶和穿晶断裂的混合断裂,失稳断裂区为穿晶断裂.     

新型钴基高温合金γ和γ′相行为的热力学分析

采用热力学分析方法,对新型钴基高温合金Co-Ni-Al-W-Cr多元系中γ′相的析出规律进行了研究,分析了合金元素Ni,Al,W在γ和γ′相间的分配行为,阐述了Ni在γ和γ′相间的分配系数对合金强化效果的影响规律.结果表明:合金元素Ni明显提高γ′相热力学稳定性,随Ni含量的增加,γ′相的成分范围扩大,定存在温度提高,说明Ni有利于提高Co-Al-W基高温合金的高温性能;计算分析了合金元素在γ和γ′相间分配行为及其对合金强化的影响规律.探明Co-Ni-Al-W-Cr合金中x(Al)/x(W)对合金元素Ni的分配系数KγN′i/γ影响较大,当Al,W原子分数比值为2.60时,KγN′i/γ达到最...     

U720Li镍基高温合金不同失稳判据的热加工图

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上对U720Li镍基高温合金进行高温压缩模拟试验.在Gegel提出的动态材料模型(DMM)概念的基础上,分别对Prasad,Gegel,Malas,Murthy,Semiatin几种不同的失稳判据进行综合分析与比较,并结合该合金在高温压缩变形过程中的显微组织演变规律得出以下结论:在温度为950~1 050℃,应变速率为5×10-4~10-1s-1的区域U720Li合金功率耗散率值均大于40%,并且在此区域内变形时该合金没有出现流变失稳现象.因此,该合金在此区域内适合成形加工.     

棘孢木霉GH11家族木聚糖酶的异源表达及酶学性质

从棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)中克隆得到一个糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase,GH)11家族木聚糖酶基因TaXyn11A,并在大肠杆菌中进行了异源表达。该基因含有一个672bp的开放阅读框,编码223个氨基酸,编码的蛋白与来自哈茨木霉C4(Trichoderma harzianum)的GH11家族木聚糖酶xynⅡ(NCBI accession No. B5A7N4.1)的同源性为85.2%。粗酶液经Ni-NTA亲和层析一步纯化得到电泳级纯酶(TaXyn11A),该酶分子质量为24.2kDa。研究了纯酶的酶学性质,结果表明:TaXyn11A为酸性中温木聚糖酶,最适pH值和最适温度分别是5.0和50℃,在pH值为4.0~10.0时和45℃及以下保持稳定,45℃时半衰期为14.3h。EDTA、Mn²⁺和Cr³⁺对该酶有激活作用,而SDS和CTAB对该酶有抑制作用。底物特异性及水解特性分析表明:TaXyn11A可特异性水解燕麦木聚糖、小麦阿拉伯木聚糖、榉木木聚糖和桦木木聚糖等木聚糖底物,比酶活力分别为989.6、727.6、706.0、484.5U·mg-1,水解12h后,产物以聚合度为2~6的低聚木糖为主。这些优良的酶学特性使TaXyn11A在低聚木糖生产中具有潜在应用价值。