Nuclear Science Technology and Nano Science Technology

Nuclear science and technology can play a unique role in nano-science and technology, due to its nuclear characteristics and properties. In many cases nuclear science and technology can acquire intriguing results to help solve some basic scientific problems in nano science and technology, which are often difficult or even impossible for non-nuclear routes. In this review some latest achievements made in this aspect will be selectively introduced with the emphasis on the work done in our laboratory. The work includes （1） nuclear reactions for synthesis of novel nanornaterials; （2） nuclear spectroscopy for characterization of nanomaterials; and （3） nuclear analytical techniques for study of nanoeafety and nanotoxicology. Some practical examples to demonstrate the roles of nuclear science and technology will be briefly described.     

Coating for Nano Super Soil-repellency of Cashmere Fabric

The nano-size metal oxide was prepared by the single-disperse technique on liquid phase, and formed sol dusters, its uniform film was covered on the surface of cashmere fibers by coating, and it had good oil repellency and water repellency. The results of IR（infrared） Spectrometer analysis revealed： The nano material combines through the strong bonds with the surface of cashmere fibers by the live groups. These analyses by SEM techniques showed that the nano material was distributed on the fiber surface even, and the nano material formed the strong peak of the regular crystal phase structure using the X-Ray Diffractometry （XRD） to analysis the fabric. The optimum techniques were selected by a series of experiments, coated cashmere fabric not only has preserved original properties of softness and comfort, but also has good properties of Bi-repellency function. Therefore, the technique will have potential appfication in engineers.     

Facile cathodic electrosynthesis and characterization of iron oxide nano-particles

Fe2O3 nano-particles have been synthesized by simple cathodic electrodeposition from the low-temperature nitrate bath.The morphology and crystal structure of the obtained oxide powder were analyzed by means of scanning and transmission microscopy(SEM and TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy.Thermal behavior and phase transformation during the heat treatment of as-deposited sample were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and thermogramimetric analysis(TGA).The results showed that the deposited Fe2O3 was composed of the nanoparticles with grain size of approximately 10-60 nm.A serious problem during cathodic electrodeposition of iron oxide was splashing of deposit into electrolyte due to its low adhesion.This problem was tackled by reducing the bath temperature and dielectric constant of solvent.     

纳米二氧化硅增韧改性环氧树脂的性能研究

采用超声分散的方法制备了双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)/纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)复合材料,通过热重分析(TGA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了材料的耐热性能、断面形态,并测试了其拉伸、弯曲和冲击性能。结果表明,利用超声分散的方法可使纳米SiO2均匀分散于环氧树脂基体中,并能显著改善材料的力学性能和耐热性。当纳米SiO2的含量为3%(质量分数)时,复合材料的力学性能达到最佳,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度分别提高了40.0%,55.1%和183.1%,且材料仍能保持良好的热稳定性。     

气田水中汞的赋存形态分析及其脱除方法

目前国内对含汞废水的处理主要采用硫化法-絮凝法,不但造成药剂的浪费及处理不达标,产生的含汞污泥也难以处理,造成二次污染;而且对汞离子去除效果较好。但新疆气田水经分析主要为悬浮汞和单质汞,存在少量离子汞和有机汞。吸附过滤除气田污水中汞的技术是目前最具有应用前景的。以多孔聚酰胺、改性壳聚糖和聚合硅酸铝为原料,制备出具有单质汞优异吸附性能和吸附选择性的纳米复合型材料;并配合适当的装置和工艺处理后气田污水中汞浓度能够稳定在5×10~(-9)(ppb)以下;而且操作简便、处理成本低。     

pH值对于表面硼改性纳米二氧化钛交联剂交联性能的影响

传统有机硼交联羟丙基瓜胶 （HPG）冻胶压裂液体系具有稠化剂用量大,压裂施工成本高,压裂残渣多,裂缝导流能力差等诸多缺点。为了达到降低压裂液稠化剂用量、提高压裂施工效果的目的, 采用“两步法”制备了一种表面硼改性的纳米二氧化钛颗粒 （NCC）作为HPG压裂液交联剂。研究了pH值对于NCC交联HPG冻胶耐温性能的影响,结果表明随着pH值的增加,NCC冻胶压裂液的耐温性能先增大后减小。所形成的冻胶压裂液在pH=12时耐温性能最佳。与传统有机硼交联剂相比,NCC可大大减小稠化剂用量,NCC交联的0.3 wt.% HPG冻胶在pH值为8~14的范围内均能保持良好的耐温性能。利用扫描电镜表征了NCC冻胶在不同pH值条件下的交联形貌及交联结构,结果表明,在pH值为12时,NCC冻胶微观形貌最致密。     

还原剂对纳米金粒子大小及粒径分布的影响

探究了还原剂盐酸羟胺、硼氢化钠对于纳米金颗粒的形貌、粒径分布的影响,用紫外和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对还原得到的纳米金形貌和粒径进行了表征,并用对硝基苯酚转化为对氨基苯酚的模板反应评价了其催化性能.结果显示,单独以盐酸羟胺为还原剂时,在实验条件下不能将三价金还原为Au0;以盐酸羟胺、硼氢化钠依次为还原剂制备的纳米金基本呈球形,粒径较小,平均粒径为4.0 nm,粒径分布均匀、转化频率（TOF）高、催化效果最好.其中硼氢化钠不仅为盐酸羟胺提供了碱性环境,同时起到了一定的还原作用.     

纳卫星PID主动热控制及其仿真研究

建立了球状纳卫星的基本热环境模型。提出基于PID主动热控制的温度控制策略。分别向控制对象系统中舱内仪器、辐射器以及外壳热负荷输入一定大小的阶跃变化进行MATLAB仿真试验。仿真结果显示,PID控制系统能够较为准确、快速的对纳卫星温度系统进行合理的调节与控制。     

聚苯乙烯-蒙脱石纳米复合材料的研究

有机-无机纳米复合材料是材料科学研究领域的热点之一。本文应用熔融插层法成功地制备了聚苯乙烯-蒙脱石纳米复合材料,对蒙脱石的结构变化、复合材料的力学性能、耐热性、阻燃性及抗溶性进行了分析。