Phylogenetic analysis of extreme morphologies: deep-sea holasteroid echinoids

Because of their ‘bizarre’ features, some echinoids can be considered laboratories in which to analyse the origin of extreme morphologies. The holasteroid family Urechinidae Duncan, 1889 is such a group. It is composed of 18 previously named living species in three genera: Urechinus A. Agassiz, 1879, Plexechinus A. Agassiz, 1898, and Pilematechinus A. Agassiz, 1904. With Stereopneustes, the most closely related living taxon, and the calymnid-plus-pourtalesiid clade as outgroups, a phylogenetic analysis on 35 binary characters is produced. We focus on two major aspects of morphology: test features (apical system, basicoronals, interambulacrum 5, test shape, ambulacra) and external appendages (pedicellariae, spines, sphaeridia). New data on plate architecture, morphology, and appendages are illustrated, and the position of the fossil, Chelonechinus, is discussed. We show that the Urechinidae is paraphyletic: the genus Plexechinus shares more recent common ancestry with the calymnids and pourtalesiids than with other urechinids. In order to retain the well-circumscribed clade, Pilematechinus A. Agassiz, 1904, the phylogenetic classification also recognizes two additional genera: Cystechinus A. Agassiz, 1879, and Antrechinus new genus. A key to the species is provided. The production of extreme morphologies, such as internal parental care, is explored by mapping test size, the occurrence of fascioles, and periproct position onto the phylogeny. By adding plates early in ontogeny, Pilematechinus develops radically different plate architectures from another genus of large forms, Cystechinus. In contrast, the latter gets large by exaggerating allometric trends seen in other holasteroids. Paedomorphosis and miniaturization have evolved independently in Antrechinus and some Plexechinus, but always by truncation of allometric trajectories.     

碛口古镇聚落与民居形态初探

从历史发展状况、选址、群体布局、建筑风格和装饰艺术等方面介绍了碛口古镇建筑的特点,并分析了碛口古镇作为商业中转集镇的独特之处。碛口古镇兴起于明末清初,鼎盛于清康乾时期,是当时著名的商贸中心、水陆运输中转中心。在选址与布局方面,碛口古镇具备3方面的特征:1.镇子的走向,使其形成了商业流通的序列;2.镇子的位置,使其获得了充足的日照和良好的景观;3.村落的布置、院落组织与山形互相呼应,形成较好的街道排水条件。碛口古镇民居形态特征鲜明,为砖窑与木构相结合。砖木结构的窑洞建筑的表现形式主要是在砖窑外侧加上木构架檐廊,或者在砖窑的顶部加建木构架的房屋。建筑形式多以砖拱顶(窑洞)明柱厦檐四合院为主。     

铁兰属5种植物花粉微形态的扫描电镜观察

在扫描电子显微镜下观察了5种铁兰属植物花粉的微形态,结果表明：铁兰属植物花粉的微形态具有一定的共性,即都具有1个萌发沟,花粉外壁都具网纹纹饰,说明铁兰属植物是自然类群中较进化的类群。根据花粉形状的不同,推测松萝铁兰(Tillandsia usneoides)可能是铁兰属中较原始的种。铁兰属不同种在花粉大小、网孔形状、网孔间距等情况有较大的差异,这些花粉表面微观形态的差异可为种的分类提供依据。     

复杂地形下甘肃舟曲江顶崖滑坡自动提取方法

为精确获取甘肃省舟曲县南峪乡江顶崖在复杂地形下的滑坡区域分布,利用数字正射影像和数字高程模型准确获取滑坡区域,分析滑坡信息。在基于影像监督分类的基础上,叠加一定的影响因子约束分析进一步筛选滑坡区,利用数学形态学中的腐蚀、膨胀、开运算三种运算方式处理图像实现对滑坡区域自动识别提取。实验结果说明通过与数字正射影像叠加解译和在精度评价中生产者精度为81.25%,用户精度为92.85%验证能够较好地避免因复杂地形中丰富地物类型所带来的干扰,实现对复杂地形下舟曲县南峪乡江顶崖滑坡的自动识别提取,结果表明三种方法的结合可以为识别提取复杂地形下的滑坡区域提供借鉴。     

铜包石墨粉体的制备及表征

为简化铜包石墨粉体的制备工艺,提高镀铜质量,选用固定碳质量分数大于99％的天然石墨粉作为原料,在镀液组成确定的前提下,采用自行设计的电镀装置进行超声电镀,制备铜包石墨复合粉体.利用SEM对粉体的微观形貌进行表征.结果表明,超声施镀60 min,能较好地解决石墨颗粒的团聚问题,改善镀铜效果;铜呈细小颗粒状聚集附着在石墨的表面,包覆效果良好.该研究为铜包石墨粉体制备提供了新方法.     

甘肃灯心草科植物种皮亚显微结构研究及其分类学意义

对甘肃灯心草科(Juncaceae)、地杨梅属(Luzula)、灯心草届(Juncus)20个种及变种植物的种子形态和种皮表面结构进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的研究．结果表明：在扫描电镜下，本科植物种子表面纹饰有3种不同的类型，即网纹型、条状突起型和纵条纹型．电镜下的种皮表面纹饰为本科植物的分类提供了新的依据．     

钙离子形态对吸附效果的影响研究

通过不同方式配制高钙水,来研究矿物吸附材料对钙离子的吸附规律,同时对吸附过程中的流体力化学效应进行了探讨.实验结果表明,矿物吸附材料对钙的吸附性能与钙在溶液中的存在形态有很大关系:用CaCl2配制的高钙水中,钙主要以离子形态存在,矿物吸附材料对其吸附主要以静电吸附为主,5A沸石对钙离子有筛分效应;用CaO配制的高钙水中,钙主要以Ca(OH)2(2q)、Ca(OH)2(s)沉淀微晶、Ca2 和Ca(OH) 多种形态存在,矿物吸附材料对其吸附有静电吸附、一羟基络合吸附、表面沉淀吸附,同时,矿物吸附材料的加入对氢氧化钙沉淀起晶种作用,可以加速其沉淀;合适的流体剪切力可以提高5A沸石对钙离子的吸附量,此结论证实了吸附过程中流体力化学效应的存在.图4,表2,参7.     

Gelation Behavior of Poly （Vinylidene Fluoride ）-based Gel Polymer Electrolyte

Poly （ vinylidene fluoride ） （ PVdF ）-based gel polymer electrolytes with various compositions were prepared by solution casting technique, The kinetics of gelation was analyzed via the correlation between the apparent gelation rate and concentration of PVdF at a given temperature, Combination the results of the kinetics of gelation and the DSC study, it revealed that the phase separation was the major behavior and the fibrils were the major junction joints of the three-dimensional network even in the case the concentration of PVdF was higher than 25 wt%. The porous surface observed by ESEM also reflected that the phase separation took place during the gelation.     

盐酸大观霉素的晶体结构

根据盐酸大观霉素的溶解度特性，采用自然冷却法培养出单晶。X-射线衍射分析表明，采用冷却和溶析两种结晶方式得到的盐酸大观霉素晶体都属正交晶系，P212121空间群。盐酸大观霉素分子中的羰基以水合形式存在。由结构分析推测，b方向氢键作用形成的分子链是盐酸大观霉素晶体呈棒状外形的主要原因。     

不同退火温度下ZnO薄膜表面形貌的演变及粗化机制

采用磁控溅射方法在Si(001)制备ZnO薄膜,利用原子力显微镜对不同退火温度的ZnO薄膜表面形貌进行表征.结果表明:薄膜的微观形貌、表面粗糙度和分形维数取决于退火温度的变化.在退火温度从室温上升到1000℃过程中,薄膜表面粗糙度逐渐降低,700℃降至最小,而后又迅速粗糙.探讨了不同退火温度下薄膜表面的粗糙机理.