Coastal wetland in South China： Degradation trends, causes and protection countermeasures

There are abundant coastal wetlands in South China and their main characters are the tidal flats, mangroves and coral reefs. In this paper, the status quo of coastal wetlands in South China is introduced and their degradation trends in the last decades are analyzed based on the existing literatures and information. Their degradation trends are characterized by reduction of coastal wetlands＇ area, pollution of seawater environment, degeneration of ecological environment, sharp decrease of biodiversity in the wetlands and so on. At the same time, the causes resulting in the above-mentioned degradations are discussed, mainly concluding imperfect systems of management and legislation, deficient property and assessment systems of the wetlands, weak consciousness of protecting coastal wetlands, shortage of basic study and backward management level and so on. Some countermeasures are put forward for the sake of a sustainable use of the coastal wetlands of South China, mainly including establishing and perfecting administrative and legal systems for the coastal wetlands, developing the study on assessment of coastal wetland, heightening the consciousness of public participation, and strengthening scientific research and establishment of wetland nature reserves.     

一种低能耗污水处理技术

为研究低能耗污水处理技术,采用ABR(厌氧折流板)酸化反应器-两级人工湿地工艺处理生活污水.试验结果表明,本工艺对COD、BOD5、TN和TP平均去除率分别为92%、98%、29%、和64%,出水可以达到国家一级排放标准.该工艺适用于南方小城镇地区的污水分散处理.     

人工湿地不同的水流方式和基质对氮和磷的净化的比较

比较了在两种污水浓度下,人工湿地选用不同基质和水流方式时的处理效果,旨在通过试验,找到处理污水的最佳基质和水流方式.结果表明,对于高浓度污水,将陶粒和蛭石结合作为人工湿地基质,对总氮和COD的处理效果较好;水流方式采用表面流和垂直流串联搭配时,污水处理负荷较大,出水水质高.对于低浓度污水,选用陶粒和腐殖质作为基质,出水水质较好.人工湿地基质是影响磷的处理效果的主要因素,选用富含氧化铁的炉渣作为基质时处理效果最好,通过合理的操作方式可以最终从污水中除磷.     

Coastal wetland in South China:Degradation trends,causes and protection countermeasures

There are abundant coastal wetlands in South China and their main characters are the tidal flats, mangroves and coral reefs. In this paper, the status quo of coastal wetlands in South China is introduced and their degradation trends in the last decades are analyzed based on the existing literatures and information. Their degradation trends are characterized by reduction of coastal wetlands’ area, pollution of seawater environment, degeneration of ecological environment, sharp decrease of biodiversity in the wetlands and so on. At the same time, the causes resulting in the above-mentioned degradations are discussed, mainly concluding imperfect systems of management and legislation, deficient property and assessment systems of the wetlands, weak consciousness of protecting coastal wetlands, shortage of basic study and backward management level and so on. Some countermeasures are put forward for the sake of a sustainable use of the coastal wetlands of South China, mainly including establishing and perfecting administrative and legal systems for the coastal wetlands, developing the study on assessment of coastal wetland, heightening the consciousness of public participation, and strengthening scientific research and establishment of wetland nature reserves.     

无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）对浮游微藻群落结构及生态功能的影响研究

 2009年春季和秋季对广州市南沙区14涌和19涌以人工种植红树植物无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）为主的湿地水体中的浮游微藻进行采样调查,从种类数、丰度、门类组成和多样性指数对微藻进行群落结构及其生态功能的分析研究,并以此对湿地水质进行评价和从藻类的角度分析无瓣海桑对湿地水体的净化功能。结果显示,微藻种类极其丰富,共鉴定出8门92属338种,总丰度在10⁵～10⁷个/L数量级,其中以19涌湿地公园无瓣海桑林内微藻丰度最高,达9.45×10⁶～1.20×10⁷个/L,为超富营养水平。14涌和19涌都存在着有机污染现象,但14涌湿地水质要优于19涌,主要与其内水文条件较优有关。无瓣海桑如果在较封闭的水体环境中易产生较严重的水体富营养化现象。在管理人工红树林湿地时应注意保证林内与林外水体的流通。     

梯级生态浮床系统处理黑臭河水除磷性能研究

以上海市某黑臭河道为处理对象,通过模拟天然水体中水生植物的分布,构建逐级下沉式梯级浮床系统(Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands,SFTWs),分析温度、植物种类、pH值和溶解氧(DO)等因素对浮床系统的除磷性能的影响.结果表明,浮床系统的除磷率受温度变化较为明显,一定温度范围内两者呈正...     

贵州草海湿地生态脆弱性动态评价

通过对草海湿地的现状进行分析,结合"3S"技术和生态系统健康理论以及景观生态学理论,采用"压力-状态-响应"评价模型评价了1992年、2000年和2013年3个时期贵州草海湿地生态脆弱性动态变化;结果表明:草海湿地生态系统的主体功能较为完善,但仍然存在一定程度的退化。草海湿地生态系统景观基本完整的面积比例由1992年的70.56%减少到2013年的66.26%,湿地景观基本遭到破坏的面积比例由1992年的12.11%增加到2013年的13.38%。     

Eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands in Huang-Huai-Hai Area, China

Based on the related literature and the analysis of the relationship between wetland ecosystem and hydroperiod, the estimating and classifying methods of eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands are established. The data collected from Huang-Huai-Hai Area are from the electronic map (1∶250000) of China National Topographical Database of 1997 and the historical statistics since the 1980s.The results indicate that the minimum eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands is 16.98×109 m3 and the optimal one is 38.38×109 m3 in the studied area. For the five wetland nature reserves covered in the area, the values are 1.47×109 m3 and 3.31×109 m3 respectively. The comparisons of the mentioned minimum water requirement with the status water use, which is 17.05×109 m3 for wetland ecosystem (1997 as the status year), suggest that the water use has not met the minimum eco-environmental water requirement in the Haihe and Huanghe Basins of the studied area. However, the status water use guarantees and exceeds the minimum eco-environmental water requirement in the Shandong Peninsula and the Huaihe Basin. Based on the eco-environmental programming and water resource planning of the studied area, the study establishes the water requirement of the year of 2010, 2030, 2050, when the eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands is 18.30×109 m3, 21.64×109 m3 and 26.76×109 m3, respectively.     

Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China

Wetlands have the most abundant biodiversity,the highest carbon sequestration capacity,and the highest values for ecological services per unit area,of all the world’s ecosystems.Practice has shown that establishing reserves is the most effective way of protecting typical ecosystems and their biodiversity,and saving rare or endangered wildlife.The Chinese government’s policy is to protect wetland systems by establishing reserves that encompass a massive network of wetlands,including wetland nature re-serves,internationally important wetlands,and wetland parks.Many are already established.The effect of protecting wetland nature reserves at the national level has not yet been reported.We used the latest database evaluating the protection value of wet-land reserves,and remotely sensed wetland maps(1978-2008) ,developed by the same mapping specialists and based on the same classification system,and related environmental data,to evaluate the effects of protecting China’s national wetland reserves over the last 30 years.We conclude that(i) the total area of wetland in the national wetland reserves has decreased over the last 30 years to 8152.47 km2,and just 8% of China’s net decrease in wetlands;(ii) about 79% of the 91 national wetland reserves are in a poor condition.These are generally located around the Yangtze River,Eastern Coast,the Three Rivers Source,and Southwest China.Protection measures should be undertaken urgently in these areas.Only 15% of national wetland reserves are under sound protection,and these are generally located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River;(iii) although 88% of national wetland re-serves are primitive(relatively natural) ,implying that the site selection has been scientific,a high percentage of national wetland reserves show early warning signs of decline and require urgent attention;(iv) based on our evaluation of protection effects and pressures on ecology,we have made a priority list of national wetland reserves,and propose several protection strategies.     

植物入侵对城市湿地生态系统中本地植物的影响

城市湿地不仅有着重要的生态和经济价值,同时还服务于城市居民的人文、审美需求等社会和文化的各个方面。然而随着经济全球一体化的发展,外来植物入侵对城市湿地生态环境和物种多样性已构成不可避免的威胁。城市湿地入侵植物对城市湿地生态系统中本地植物个体适合度、生理特性、种群遗传结构、种群数量、群落种间关系、本地植物多样性以及本地植物所处的生境等多方面造成严重影响。因此,应根据城市湿地本地植物遭受的影响,加强对城市湿地外来入侵植物的有效管理及对退化城市湿地生态系统的修复。