Balance between facilitation and competition determines spatial patterns in a plant population

A considerable challenge in plant ecology is to understand how interactions,such as competition or facilitation,shape the spatial distribution of plants.The‘‘stress gradient hypothesis’’predicts that facilitation and competition will vary inversely across gradients of abiotic stress or consumer pressure.Surprisingly,few previous studies have explored how the balance between facilitation and competition affects spatial patterns along gradients of stress in a plant population based on field experiments.In order to investigate the effects of consumer pressure,facilitation,and competition on the spatial pattern of plant populations,we conducted a restoration succession series field experiment in the Inner Mongolian steppe in which sample sites of graded consumer pressure,specifically grazing stress,were established.We chose to examine the spatial patterns of Leymus chinensis,a dominant species in our experimental site.In order to test the‘‘stress gradient hypothesis,’’we applied the univariate O-ring statistic to analyze local neighborhood density at different spatial scales.We used the pair-correlation function to detect the characteristics of point patterns using complete spatial randomness,the Poisson cluster process,and the nested double-cluster process.We found that the local densities of L.chinensis were higher under high stress than lower stress environments.This demonstrated the‘‘stress gradient hypothesis’’in that facilitation and competition varied inversely across gradients of consumer pressure.However,we found nodifferences in the spatial patterns of L.chinensis based on complete spatial randomness when interactions shifted from facilitation to competition along gradients of consumer pressure.Furthermore,we detected the characteristics of point patterns using the Poisson cluster and nested doublecluster processes.The results showed the spatial patterns of L.chinensis to fit well with the nested double-cluster model under highly stressful conditions,while in lower stress environments they were best approximated by the Thomas process.Our results illustrate that a shift in interactions from facilitation to competition along gradients of consumer pressure can shape spatial patterns and that a combination of the Poisson cluster process and nested doublecluster process can detect spatial pattern characteristics which cannot be detected by complete spatial randomness.     

割草干扰对典型草原土壤种子库种子数量与组成的影响Ⅰ种子雨的来源及其降落

对种子雨的来源及其降落进行了研究，结果表明：种子雨的来源取决于各种植物结实的种子数量．６０ 种植物单株结实的种子数量有很大差异，禾草种子数量相对较少，杂类草较多，一、二年生植物的种子数量亦多．种子雨的降落，是通过独立、风力、附着、动物和原地等散布形式来实现的．单位面积上种子的数量取决于群落的种类组成和有结实能力的植株．通过实测和模拟，单位面积上可能降落的种子数量相差不大，前者为１６７６３ 粒·ｍ － ２ ，后者为１８５３６ 粒·ｍ － ２ ．不同刈割处理，可能降落的种子数量不同，一年割一次的平均为８５２５±９２４６ 粒·ｍ － ２ ，割一年休一年的为５９３６±２８３５ 粒·ｍ － ２ 和对照为６５９３±４６５４ 粒·ｍ － ２ ．各处理内的不同样方亦有很大的差异     

五味子红色素的性质与应用

：研究了从华中五味子果实中提取的色素的理化性质。该色素在酸性条件下显红色。对短期高温耐受性好。常见金属离子Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ａｌ３＋对此色素无影响。软饮料经五味子红色素着色后色泽柔和自然，并且有一定增味作用     

几种胁迫因素对中国红豆杉细胞培养的影响

中国红豆杉细胞培养过程中 ,在第 10d添加 0 .6mg/mL的真菌F5提取物可使紫杉醇的合成量达 30 0μg/ g干重细胞 ;在培养第 2 0d添加 2 0mg/LAg+ ,紫杉醇的合成量达 83μg/ g干重细胞 ;在培养第 2 0d添加 4mg/LCu2 + ,紫杉醇的合成量达 35 μg/ g干重细胞     

移栽羊草改良松嫩平原碱斑的方法研究

根据在松嫩平原草地的野外实验研究,提出了改良重度盐碱化草地的新方法,即通过直接移栽羊草改良光碱斑,快速恢复草地植被.研究结果表明,移栽羊草的碱斑与对照区相比,土壤理化性质差异显著.碱斑移栽羊草后,明显改善了土壤的pH值和电导率;同时,利用羊草实生苗相对耐盐碱的特性,辅以简单的措施(如添加沙土),可使羊草在盐碱地自我繁殖,从而快速地恢复草地植被.这种方法成本低,操作简单,具有较大的推广潜力.     

南方铁杉外生菌根的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜首次从形态学的角度研究南方铁杉外生菌根的表面结构,通过观察、比较,对外生菌根作出进一步的鉴定,并试图对南方铁杉外生菌根的鉴定方法进行了补充。菌根T044的宏观形态与T041、T047判别很大,很容易与后两者区分。而菌根T041与T047的宏观形态非常相似,不易区分,通过扫描电镜观察发现,T041与T047的微观表面结构差别较大,据此可以进一步区别T041与T047。     

红豆杉愈伤组织培养中褐变现象的初探

多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（PO）的性高低与红豆杉愈伤组织的褐变程度有着密切关系,即酶活性高,愈伤组织褐变严重,通过在培养基中添加适量的Vc、活性炭、CA、GA3和ABA等物质,能抑制酶的活性,减轻褐变程度,提高愈伤组织的生物产量。     

赖草属的优良基因导入小麦的研究进展

报道了赖草属各种植物的优良特性及其优良基因用于改普通小麦的研究进展,并着重介绍了小麦－多枝赖草异附加系统选育的研究现状和远缘杂交所存在的问题和解决办法。     

柽柳的组织培养与快速繁殖

初步建立了柽柳（Tamarix chinensis Lour)一次成苗的组培技术,嫩枝在MS＋Kt 3.0mg.L^-1上经过50d可得到完整植株,但MS＋BA 1．0mg.L^-1更适于增殖,并讨论了激素对于柽柳增殖和生根的影响。     

超临界流体CO_2萃取法研究石香薷精油化学成分

利用超临界流体CO2 萃取技术研究了石香薷挥发油的化学成分 .经鉴定 ,百里香酚 ( 50 % )和香荆芥酚 ( 2 2 % )为其主要成分 .从石香薷精油中首次分离鉴定出肉桂酸异丁酯、d 香芹酮等 2 7种化合物