来自宇宙的微弱声音——2017年度诺贝尔物理学奖成果简析

 Rainer Weiss、Barry Clark Barish和Kip Stephen Thorne 3位美国科学家分享了2017年度诺贝尔物理学奖,以表彰他们对激光干涉引力波天文台（LIGO）决定性的贡献和观测引力波信号的更大发现,其中Weiss分享了1/2奖金,Barish和Thorne各分享了1/4奖金。本文介绍这3位诺贝尔物理学奖获得者的学术经历,从理论、实验和数据分析方面解读引力波信号被探测到这一重大发现的科学意义。     

抗松材线虫病马尾松体胚发生与植株再生条件的优化

【目的】为使抗松材线虫病马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)快速大规模繁殖,对抗性马尾松体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生条件进行优化。【方法】以抗病马尾松未成熟合子胚为材料,探讨胚性愈伤组织的诱导、增殖与维持、分化成熟以及萌发的合适培养条件,并对体细胞胚进行生根诱导,对再生植株进行壮苗培养以及驯化移栽。【结果】以LP为基本培养基,添加2.0 mg/L 2,4-D(二氯苯氧乙酸)和1.0 mg/L 6-BA(6-苄氨基腺嘌呤),抗性马尾松胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高达27.8%。在胚性愈伤组织增殖维持过程中,悬浮培养中的增殖系数和同步化程度都显著高于固体培养,且经过悬浮培养的细胞系分化能力更强。萌发过程中只有少量能顺利分化出根系,未能顺利分化出根的体胚于添加适量 IBA和 NAA的生根培养基中能够更好地生根。壮苗培养过程中,添加0.01 mg/L油菜素内酯有助于体胚苗的生长。体胚苗在驯化移栽时不同大小的苗移栽成活率相差较大,5 cm左右的体胚苗成活率最高达90.3%。【结论】生长素2,4-D和6-BA组合(2.0 mg/L和1.0 mg/L)对抗性马尾松胚性愈伤组织诱导率较好; 悬浮培养后的细胞系更利于诱导体胚,适宜浓度的IBA和NAA(1.0 mg/L和0.2 mg/L)能够促进体胚苗根系生长。在壮苗培养基中添加适量油菜素内酯能够促进抗性马尾松再生植株的生长,待苗长至5 cm左右移栽较好。     

带β项的非线性涡旋Rossby波的演变过程

利用多重尺度摄动法,推导出当考虑Rossby参数β作用时,非线性涡旋Rossby波的波包振幅的演化方程是非线性的Schrodinger方程．对受Rossby参数β影响的涡旋Rossby波的本征值问题进行分析,指出Rossby参数β对涡旋Rossby波传播的影响．     

高瓦斯煤层深孔预裂爆破增透数值模拟试验

为了解决高瓦斯低透气性煤层的瓦斯抽放难题,利用数值模拟和现场测试相结合的方法,研究了深孔预裂爆破技术对高瓦斯低透气性煤层的卸压增透效果.研究结果再现了爆破过程中,动压冲击震裂、应力波传播与叠加及爆生气体驱动裂纹扩展的整个过程,分析了爆破孔间距对爆生裂纹和增透效果的影响,提出了高瓦斯低透气性煤层深孔预裂爆破的合理间距,表明深孔预裂爆破技术有效地提高了煤层透气性和瓦斯抽采率.该成果为高瓦斯低透气性煤层的瓦斯抽放提出了解决方案.     

流通量间断双曲守恒问题的推广WENO有限体格式

 针对流通量间断双曲守恒方程的数值求解,构造了将δ-映射与经典的WENO(weighted essentially non-oscillatory)五阶有限体方法结合的混合算法, 并用于求解具有混合介质的弹性波方程和流通量间断的多车种交通流模型方程.数值结果表明了算法的有效性.      

North China sub-craton lithospheric structure elucidated through coal mine blasting

We present a super-range seismic observation along the >1300-km-long profile passing through the Yinchuan basin and the Ordos block from the blasting point towards the southeast triggered by a large-(dynamite) scale coal blast in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region’s Helan Mountain (yielded a profile). The seismic wave information from the uppermost mantle reflecting different depths was obtained by the China continental seismic survey. Pn refracted waves from the uppermost mantle were effectively traced up t...     

Guided elastic waves in infinite free-clamped hollow cylinders

Guided elastic-wave-inspection technique for hollow cylinders has received plenty of attention in recent years because of its hieh effi-ciency ana tow cost.To apply guided elastic waves to detects detection,it is necessary to investigate the propagation of guided waves in the hollow cylinders under all kinds of boundary conditions.In this paper,the dispersion equations of torsional,longitudinal and flexural guided waves in the hollow cylinders with traction-free and clamped lateral boundaries are derived by elastodvnamic theory,based on wnicn the phase and group velocity dispersion curves of the guided waves mentioned above are obtained.And the dispersion properties of these waves are discussed in detail.The transient wave in a tree-clamped hollow cylinder is simulated by the finite element method(FEM).The time-frequency distribution of the transient wave agrees well with the theoretical group velocity dispersion curves.     

TM polarization characteristics on thermal radiation of a negative refractive index thin film

Thermal radiation TM polarization characteristics of a negative refractive index thin film was studied based on the transmit matrix method and Kirchhoff radiation law. The influence of the thin film parameters on the thermal radiation directional characteristics and spectral property were discussed. And the influence of the evanescent waves was also discussed. The results show that two factors play important roles in the thermal radiation of negative index thin film: one is the interference effect of the thin film structure to the electromagnetic waves; the other is the photon tunneling effect of the negative refractive index material, which was caused by the amplifying evanescent wave. These indicate that spectral and directional characteristics of the thermal emissivity can be modulated by modifying the structure and the physics parameters of the negative refraction index thin film. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50606003) and Aeronautic Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2007ZA51006)     

地下衬砌洞室群在平面SV波入射下的动应力分析

采用波函数展开法给出了半空间中衬砌洞室群在平面SV波入射下动应力集中问题的一个级数解析解,在满足一定的精度要求下,对无穷级数进行截断数值计算,衬砌分为刚性衬砌、无衬砌、柔性衬砌三种,计算结果表明:洞室问距对动应力集中系数具有重要影响,当洞室之间距离较近时,洞室之间的相互作用对地下洞室群的动应力集中具有显著的放大作用,动应力集中系数可能达到单个洞室的2倍以上;衬砌刚度对动应力集中问题也具有显著的影响,其中,刚性衬砌的动应力集中系数最大,无衬砌次之,柔性衬砌最小;随着入射波频率的增大,动应力集中系数的空间分布逐渐趋于复杂化.     

杨树和杉木茎段组织的冰冻切片技术研究

以木本植物中的模式树种杨树和杉木茎段为试验材料,分别用多聚甲醛、丙酮和卡诺固定液,研究了这两个树种的冰冻切片技术体系。结果表明,液氮冷冻法对幼嫩的组织(如组培苗)有较好的保护作用。多聚甲醛固定液可以较好地保存细胞的形态结构,冰冻切片较完整。丙酮和卡诺固定液加10%蔗糖保护之后效果更好,切片完整且可以进一步用于核酸提取。卡诺氏固定液固定后,杉木和杨树组培苗的蔗糖保护剂适宜质量分数为10%,液氮冷冻时间为50~90 s。脱水步骤可以使冰冻切片更清晰完整。而田间植株木质化程度较高的茎段组织则需要甘油软化辅助处理,即可获得清晰的冰冻切片。