The love of truth

It is frequently said that belief aims at truth, in an explicitly normative sense—that is, that one ought to believe the proposition that p if, and only if, p is true. This truth norm is frequently invoked to explain why we should seek evidential justification in our beliefs, or why we should try to be rational in our belief formation—it is because we ought to believe the truth that we ought to follow the evidence in belief revision. In this paper, I argue that this view is untenable. The truth norm clashes with plausible evidential norms in a wide range of cases, such as when we have excellent but misleading evidence for a falsehood or no evidence for a truth. I will consider various ways to resolve this conflict and argue that none of them work. However, I will ultimately attempt to vindicate the love of truth, by arguing that knowledge is the proper epistemic goal. The upshot is that we should not aim merely to believe the truth; we should aim to know it.     

The epistemological virtues of assumptions: towards a coming of age of Boltzmann and Meinong’s objections to ‘the prejudice in favour of the actual’?

Two complementary debates of the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century are examined here: the debate on the legitimacy of hypotheses in the natural sciences and the debate on intentionality and ‘representations without object’ in philosophy. Both are shown to rest on two core issues: the attitude of the subject and the mode of presentation chosen to display a domain of phenomena. An orientation other than the one which contributed to shape twentieth-century philosophy of science is explored through the analysis of the role given to assumptions in Boltzmann’s research strategy, where assumptions are contrasted to hypotheses, axioms, and principles, and in Meinong’s criticism of the privileged status attributed to representations in mental activities. Boltzmann’s computational style in mathematics and Meinong’s criticism of the confusion between representation and judgment give prominence to an indirect mode of presentation, adopted in a state of suspended belief which is characteristic of assumptions and which enables one to grasp objects that cannot be reached through direct representation or even analogies. The discussion shows how assumptions and the movement to fiction can be essential steps in the quest for objectivity. The conclusion restates the issues of the two debates in a contemporary perspective and shows how recent developments in philosophy of science and philosophy of language and mind can be brought together by arguing for a twofold conception of reference.     

知识型企业的知识创新风险研究

首先探讨了知识型企业与知识创新的作用关系并提出了知识创新风险的概念,接下来通过详细分析指出了战略、知识资产、组织结构、创新激励、文化、信息技术、创新转化、财务为知识型企业知识创新的主要风险因素,最后采用多阶段多层次模糊评价方法对知识型企业知识创新风险进行了分析评价。     

学习型组织知识创新的文化环境分析

知识创新是学习型组织的内在要求。学习型组织的知识创新是在社会系统中进行的,社会文化环境对其有重要的影响和作用。而社会环境文化的作用包括了外生变量和内生变量两种不同的方式,其中外生变量表现为适应环境的行为,内生变量表现为积极主动地创新。     

知识管理的综合战略动向

简要回顾了知识管理的概念由来及其发展概况,分析指出了当今知识管理的综合战略动向。认为知识管理的综合战略,系指紧密围绕主体对象(组织或个人)的中心工作而展开实施的全方位、多元化的知识创新战略,以期最终达到不同时期或不同阶段的规划目标。在强调综合战略研究方向和重视隐含知识的基础上,提出了基于综合战略的知识管理定义,为进一步拓展知识管理的理论前沿提供了一个崭新的视点。     

网络资源对翻译准确性的作用

在信息技术和通信技术相结合的现代社会，网络资源对翻译的准确性具有重要的作用。本文主要从两个方面：翻译材料背景知识的掌握，特殊语境词语新意义的确定，来阐述网络资源对翻译准确性的重要作用。     

我国植物类科技期刊论文存在的主要问题———一个专业工作者的看法

从专业读者的角度，就我国植物类科技期刊论文中存在的一些问题进行了梳理和总结．问题主要有：一稿两投和重复发表、交代说明不够详细具体、表述错误和格式不规范等现象．     

Target Situation Analysis and Present Situation Analysis in Planning an Oral Presentation Course

Needs analysis is an essential step in planning an oral presentation course in an ESP context.This paper illustrates two important areas in the relevant needs analysis: target situation analysis and present situation analysis.     

论表征形式与教育背景对于概率推断准确性的影响

在本研究中,实验人员就上述两种因素对于一例医疗诊断问题的影响进行了调查,997名不同专业背景的本科学生对于妇女是否患有乳腺癌进行了概率推断.研究所用的诊断题目采用了一种概率格式(probabilistic format)和三种频率格式(frequency format).调查结果显示,具有理科背景的学生综合表现优于文科背景的学生;相比于概率格式,两种频率格式(树状图和表格频率)改善了所有学生的表现,而标准频率格式只提高了理科学生的表现.此次研究为今后概率推断的教育工作提供了更广阔的思路.     

基于物理过程描述的诊断推理

本文提出了一种基于对复杂系统中各种相关过程描述的诊断知识模型.该模型具有如下几个方面的特点:a.它是一种基于复杂系统中各种相关的物理过程描述的较深程度的知识模型;b.它是基于约束传播原理,采用定性推理和定量计算两种方式,实现对各子系统的正常与异常行为的描述;c.它本身包含了复杂系统中多种因果关系知识.文中以发动机化油器为具体诊断对象,讨论了该模型的实现与应用中的有关问题.