Dynamic Changes of the Farmers and Herdsmen＇s Income Sources in the Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the Tibet Autonomous Region‘s statistic yearbooks and the data from the two household surveys in 2002 and 2004, this paper has comprehensively analyzed the pattern of changes on the farmers and herdsmen‘s income sources in the Tibet Autonomous Region since 1990 with the main findings as follows: ① The change of income from the labor payment is the fastest;② There is no regular pattern of income variation for the household economic activities, the farmers and herdsmen‘s household income generation projects are impacted by the elements like prices and returns, and there is a lack of appro-priate direction; ③ The income structure of labor payment shows that the income from the farmers and herdsmen working outside grows fastest; ④ The income from the farmers and herdsmen‘s labor payment correlate positively to their net income per capita; ⑤ From the perspective of the variation by region, labor payment income has changed fastest in the counties of Rutok, Nyerong and Khangmar compared the data from the household survey in 2002 with that of 2004.     

黑龙江省西部齐齐哈尔地区水土问题

本区自然地条件比较优越,但北部水土流失严重;中部盐碱化发育,多涝洼成灾;南部土地沙化逐年增加。严重影响粮食增产和畜牧业发展,本文提出了综合治理的途径。     

Spatial variability on vegetation parameters in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Study on pattern and change on land cover stands an important aspect to global change. The spatial characteristics of ecological system show some familiar or disfamiliar principle with up-scaling or down-scaling process, which can be defined as spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, four typical parameters of ecological features, say Gross Primary Product （GPP）, Net Primary Product （NPP）, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, and Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI）, are selected to investigate the spatial variability on vegetative features in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, Southwest China. Moran coefficient （MC） is calculated for spatial autocorrelation degree, and semivariance function is used for spatial variability and spatial heterogeneity analysis. The results show that： （1） the ecological features show negative autocorrelation in the whole region. The higher anisotropy is on northsouth direction, and then on southeast-northwest direction. （2） The spatial variability scale is great on vegetative features in the whole region. （3） The autocorrelation distance on north-south direction is the greatest, then on southwest-northeast direction. Through the above analysis it can be found that the vegetative features are consistent with direction of landform in LRGR, which is shown on higher autocorrelation on south-north direction, and lower on west-east direction.     

汉通西域前中国丝绸外流的主要途径

探讨汉通西域前中国丝绸对外贸易的主要途径.认为该路径一是早期的北方南俄草原之路,二是漫长艰辛的南亚滇缅印度道,而丝绸供求矛盾急待开辟新的贸易通道.     

Monitoring lake changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the past30 years using satellite remote sensing data

During the years 2006–2009,lakes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)were investigated using satellite remote sensing strategies.We report the results of this investigation as well as follow-up research and expanded work.For the investigation,we mainly focused on lakes whose areas are more than 1 km2.The remote sensing data that we used included 408 scenes of CBERS CCD images and 5 scenes of Landsat ETM?images in Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region.All these data were acquired around years 2005–2006.Besides remote sensing images,we also collected 1,259 topographic maps.Numbers and areas of lakes were analyzed statistically,which were then compared with those coming from the first lake investigation(implemented between the1960s and 1980s).According to our investigation,up to and around year 2005–2006,the total number of lakes in the QTP was 1,055(222 in Qinghai and 833 in Tibet),accounting for more than 30%of that of China.Thirty newborn lakes with area[1 km2were found,and 5 dead lakes with initial area[1 km2were also found.Among those 13 big lakes([500 km2),Yamzhog Yumco had seriously shrunk,and it has continued to shrink in recent years;Qinghai Lake had shrunk during the period,but some new researches indicated that it has been expanding since the year 2004;Siling Co,Nam Co,and Chibuzhang Co had expanded in the period.We divided the newborn lakes into six categories according to their forming reasons,including river expansion,wetland conversion,etc.The changes of natural conditions led to the death of four lakes,and human exploitation was the main reason for the death of Dalianhai Lake in Qinghai.We picked out three regions which were sensitive to the change of climate and ecological environment:Nagqu Region,Kekexili Region,and the source area of the Yellow River(SAYR).Lakes in both Nagqu and Kekexili have been expanded;meanwhile,most lakes in the SAYR have obviously been shrunk.These regional patterns of lake changes were highly related to variations of temperature,glacier,precipitation,and evaporation.Our investigation and analysis will provide references for researches related to lake changes in the QTP and the response to climate fluctuations.     

广西边疆地区民俗文化翻译——民族身份认同与翻译策略互补

广西边疆地区民俗文化具有强烈的地域与社会文化色彩,翻译活动有助于传播壮族及其他少数族裔古老历史及璀璨文化,也是增强边疆地区民族身份认同感的重要途径。然而,民俗文化翻译在边疆民俗文化对外传播中仍是一种派生的语际转换活动,导致标识民族身份的异质性语言文化无法得到较好的彰显与传播,因此采用互补翻译策略既有裨于壮族及其他少数族裔重塑其独特的文化身份,也可促进边疆民俗文化在东西方跨文化交际语境中与他者的良性互动。     

紫色土构建快渗系统对污水氮去除性能的影响

以三峡库区常见的紫色土和河砂为基本介质构建人工土层快速渗滤系统(constructed rapid infiltration system,CRI)。试验采用土砂比为2∶1、3∶1和4∶1的3组渗滤介质分别构建1.5 m厚土柱,又用土砂比为3∶1的同一渗滤介质构建0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5 m的4个不同厚度土柱,分别进行生活污水氮去除性能的对比试验。结果表明:1)土砂比为4∶1的渗滤介质构建的装置对NH3-N、NO3-N及TN的去除效果相对较好,NH3-N和TN去除率分别为71.7%和48.8%,接近纯紫色土柱的氮去除性能,是较合适的渗滤介质;2)以库区紫色土构建的CRI装置,0.6 m以内的土层是污水中COD和NH3-N去除的主要区域,0.6~1.0 m土层是TN去除主要区域,土层厚度的增加不能确保装置氮去除性能的提高。以1.0 m土层厚度构建CRI系统处理生活污水在三峡库区较为适宜。     

论抗战时期陕甘宁边区的医学教育

抗战时期,中国共产党在陕甘宁边区所进行的医学教育,为边区培养了大量的医药技术人才和医务工作者。对争取抗战胜利和推动边区建设起到了十分重要的作用,对我们今天中、高等医校的教育和改革也有着重要的借鉴作用。     

宁夏回族自治区吸血蚋类调查研究(双翅目:蚋科)

对宁夏回族自治区蚋类进行分类区系调查,初步摸清该自治区代表性地区蚋相本底资料.方法:选择宁夏7个不同生境的采集点,采用常规方法采集幼蚋,经隔离培养出两性成虫,制片、鉴定、编制名表并进行相关讨论.结果:记载宁夏回族自治区蚋属5亚属13种,其中含4个新种.结论:宁夏回族自治区具有蚋类多样性及明显的古北界区系特征.     

快速城市化对上海代表站降水的影响

通过比较上海城区代表站洋泾和乡村代表站夏字圩1979—2014年日降水记录,对各降水要素进行对比分析,辨识2000年前后2个站降水阶段性变化规律及其差异,揭示城市化对局地降水的影响特征。结果发现:2000年之后上海城市化进程明显加速,且2000年前后洋泾和夏字圩2个站的降水关系发生了系统变异,降水差异明显扩大。由于洋泾和夏字圩均位于太湖东部平原地区,且台风性降水的阶段变化特征基本一致,因此剥离区域降水变异的影响后,将1979—2014年洋泾站降水表现出异于夏字圩站的阶段性特征主要归因于城市化局地增雨效应,且2000年以来上海快速城市化总体上对城区代表站的降水产生了显著的强化作用,增加了强降水事件发生的概率。