黄瓜幼叶叶绿体分裂的电镜观察

本文以黄瓜幼叶为材料，在电镜下观察到了叶绿体的二分分裂，其分裂方式以哑铃状分裂为主。     

RNA editing in plant organelles: machinery, physiological function and evolution

In plants, RNA editing is a process for converting a specific nucleotide of RNA from C to U and less frequently from U to C in mitochondria and plastids. To specify the site of editing, the cis-element adjacent to the editing site functions as a binding site for the trans-acting factor. Genetic approaches using Arabidopsis thaliana have clarified that a member of the protein family with pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs is essential for RNA editing to generate a translational initiation codon of the chloroplast ndhD gene. The PPR motif is a highly degenerate unit of 35 amino acids and appears as tandem repeats in proteins that are involved in RNA maturation steps in mitochondria and plastids. The Arabidopsis genome encodes approximately 450 members of the PPR family, some of which possibly function as trans-acting factors binding the cis-elements of the RNA editing sites to facilitate access of an unidentified RNA editing enzyme. Based on this breakthrough in the research on plant RNA editing, I would like to discuss the possible steps of co-evolution of RNA editing events and PPR proteins. Received 30 September 2005; received after revision 5 November 2005; accepted 28 November 2005     

幼叶黄化油菜(Brassica napus L.)突变体Cr3529叶绿体超微结构观察

对油菜Cr3529叶片细胞中的叶绿体数目及结构进行了显微及亚显微观察。结果显示，突变与野生型细胞中叶绿体的数目没有显著性的差异，但叶绿体的结构有较大的差异，较之正常油菜，Cr3529油菜叶绿体基粒类囊体数较少，基质类囊体数较多，而且，在基粒类囊体中基粒片层数也较少，大部分基粒只有几个片层，基粒的平均片层数为5．46，约为野生型的一半，作者认为，较少的基粒片层数可能是引起Cr3529油菜叶绿素含量减少，并最终导致植株显著减产的重要原因。     

一个水稻苗期白化致死突变体asl6的鉴定及其基因定位

经60Coγ诱变处理粳稻"嘉花1号"得到一个稳定遗传苗期白化致死突变体asl6(albino seedling lethality 6).与野生型(WT)相比,该突变体从发芽出苗起一直表现白化,四叶期逐渐死亡,叶合色素含量几乎没有且没有完整的叶绿体结构.通过qRT-PCR分析发现,与叶绿体发育、叶绿素合成及光合作用相关的基因表达量明显下调.对利用asl6突变体与"培矮64S"杂交获得的F2代分离群体进行遗传分析,发现该突变表型受单个隐性核基因控制.利用图位克隆技术将该asl6基因定位于第2号染色体的InDel分子标记ID31982与SSR分子标记MM5712之间约293 kb的区域内.目前,该范围内没有叶色相关基因的报道,可能为一新的调控水稻叶绿体发育的基因.     

Transfer of a eubacteria-type cell division site-determining factor CrMinD gene to the nucleus from the chloroplast genome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

MinD is a ubiquitous ATPase that plays a crucial role in selection of the division site in eubacteria, chloroplasts, and probably Archaea. In four green algae, Mesostigma viride, Nephroselmis olivacea, Chlorella vulgaris and Prototheca wickerhamii, MinD homologues are encoded in the plastid genome. However, in Arabidopsis, MinD is a nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-targeted protein involved in chloro- plast division, which suggests that MinD has been transferred to the nucleus in higher land plants. Yet the lateral gene transfer (LGT) of MinD from plastid to nucleus during plastid evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a nucleus-encoded MinD homologue from unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a basal species in the green plant lineage. Overexpression of CrMinD in wild type E. coli inhibited cell division and resulted in the filamentous cell formation, clearly demon- strated the conservation of the MinD protein during the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The transient expression of CrMinD-egfp confirmed the role of CrMinD protein in the regulation of plastid division. Searching all the published plastid genomic sequences of land plants, no MinD homologues were found, which suggests that the transfer of MinD from plastid to nucleus might have occurred be- fore the evolution of land plants.     

铝胁迫对常绿杨叶绿素荧光和叶绿体超微结构的影响

选取常绿杨(Populus×euramericanacv.A-61/186)为试验材料,研究铝胁迫对带绿杨叶绿体荧光特性和超微结构的影响.结果表明铝胁迫对常绿杨叶片的超微结构产生明显伤害,会显著抑制叶片的光合性能,且随着胁迫浓度的加重和时间的延长而加重.0.370mmol/L铝胁迫60d后,光系统II最大光化学效率Fv/Fm降低,初始荧光F0和非光化学猝灭系数NPQ显著上升;叶绿体膜肿胀隆起,叶绿体内淀粉粒消失,叶绿体内基粒片层和基质片层间隙明显,片层弯曲呈蓬松排列.0.222mmol/L铝胁迫90d致使叶绿体内淀粉粒消失;Fv/Fm值显著低于对照、F0和NPQ值显著高于对照;铝胁迫浓度大于0.370mmol/L时,叶绿体肿胀体积增大,叶绿体膜明显隆起,叶绿体内基粒片层和基质片层明显分离,呈扭曲蓬松.铝胁迫下常绿杨叶绿体膜及其片层和淀粉粒的结构变化与光合效率的下降趋势相一致,可作为杨树铝毒鉴定的细胞学参考.     

植物抗热性与叶绿体的关系

与其它细胞器相比,叶绿体对热敏感的多,PSH比PSI对热敏感.各种光合反应中,放氧过程对热最敏感。高温下功能性Mn~(2 )的解离,抑制光合放氧。高温胁迫下,叶绿体膜脂的特性是否与抗热性有关,目前看法不一,有些资料表明,叶绿体在热适应过程中,类囊体中产生热保护因子,其性质不甚明了。HSPs可能参与热保护作用。叶绿体中含有丰富的抗氧化物质和自由基清除酶系,目前有很多资料显示,耐热与热敏植物品种或植物在不同的热处理条件下,其各种活性氧含量或活性氧清除能力存在差异。