我国乳品质量安全问题频发的原因与对策

进入市场的乳制品安全关系到消费者的健康.近年来我国乳品安全事件频发,极大地影响了国内消费者的信心,也使乳品行业受到重创.乳品安全事件频发有其社会基础,也有乳品生产产业链长、存在安全风险的环节多、我国奶牛养殖分散致使原奶质量难以控制等客观原因,还有政府监管不到位、打击违法行为力度不够等主观原因.要保证乳品安全,首先,必须保证原奶的安全;其次,要在乳品企业内部建立完备的质量监管体系,把好乳品加工过程的质量关;再次,政府必须加强立法,并对乳品质量安全进行实时监管,特别要加大对向牛奶中掺杂使假等违法行为的查处与打击力度.     

优质全株青贮玉米饲喂育肥牛试验研究报告

全株青贮玉米是反刍动物的优质青绿饲料,产量高,营养好,易被牛羊消化吸收,它不仅可以增加奶牛养殖的经济效益,而且在肉牛养殖中也愈来愈受到重视,育肥牛生产中使用全株青贮玉米,在一个育肥期内比不带穗的青贮提高效益664.24元/头,比不带穗青贮组增加416.68元/头,全株青贮玉米是育肥牛提高养殖效益的重要青粗饲料,同时也是提高肉牛畜产品品质的根本保证.     

乳品废水厌氧发酵生化指标变化的研究

通过厌氧发酵对乳品加工废水处理过程中的生化指标测定,找出影响因素,并进行较为系统的分析和研究。主要影响因素有温度、泥水比、发酵时间,它们在一定的范围内对乳品废水厌氧发酵、降解有机物有较大的影响。试验通过厌氧发酵对乳品废水进行处理,探寻出各单因素对乳品废水厌氧发酵的影响,找出最佳处理结果,得出各因素的合理组合,从而优化乳品废水厌氧发酵的工艺条件。     

Cattle grazing behavior regulates tick populations

Summary Analysis of field population data showed that host-seeking larvae of the tickBoophilus microplus were less successful in attaching to their hosts when larval densities were high. Experimental results showed that cattle hosts detected and avoided high densities of larvae in pasture. The finding reveals a previously unknown population-regulating mechanism for ticks, which are important pests of livestock.Acknowledgment. The authors wish to thank G. Maywald, D. Stegeman, R. Tozer, A. Voll, G. Milne and J. Osborne who helped with the observations. The Australian Meat Research Committee (AMRC) and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) provided some financial support for the project and A. Edwards assisted greatly with the photography.     

A study on the effect of the bacterial inoculant on corn silage quality,digestibility and performance in dairy cattle

Effect of the bacterial inoculant Sil-All (short for ‘ SA‘ ) on corn silage quality, digestibility and performance in dairy cattle was studied. SA treated silage resulted in the higher level of retained protein and slightly higher level of residual sugars in that treatment, the better digestibility of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and the acid detergent fibre (ADF), the lower pH and evolution of ammonia compared to the control; The fall in pH was most rapid in the SA treated silage in the first 4 days of ensilage, when it matters most for the conservation of protein, compared with the control silage and this was linked more to both lactic and total acids. Both volatile fatty acid (VFA) and lactate content increased with ensiling time, increase degree reached up near 100%; Lactate content in treatment silage was higher than that in the control, and this difference was all maintained at the level of approximately 7% - 13% almost in all cases, at length, up 16% in the case of day 15; pH value decreased with ensiling time. Moreover, pH value in most of treatment were lower than that in the control ; The digestibility of both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was appreciably improved by the use of inoculant SA. Also, in relation to reductions, of NDF and ADF were noted. An increase in milk yield of the order of 0.9kg per head per day in favour of SA was observed. Alternatively, with an average daily feed intake of 20kg, this indicates with 1 ton of corn silage milk yield could be increased by 46.5kg.     

基于三维点云的奶牛乳房外形特征分析方法

针对奶牛乳房外形特征分析,提出一种利用计算机技术的奶牛乳房外形分析方法.首先,通过机器视觉技术获得奶牛乳房的三维点云,并利用封闭算法将非封闭的三维点云封闭化后,计算奶牛乳房的体积;随后,将封闭的三维点云与一组平行平面相交,从而获得一组二维曲线集合;最终,通过分析二维曲线的特征,使奶牛乳房的外形特征分析与对比成为可能.本方法为进一步深入研究高产奶牛与低产奶牛在乳房外形特征方面的差异奠定了基础.     

基于静态箱法的堆放奶牛粪便甲烷排放速率研究

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了黑白花奶牛粪便在四个堆放高度(30、45、60 cm和每天加粪6 cm加至粪便高度为60 cm)自然堆放20周的CH_4排放速率,同时分析了堆放前后奶牛粪便的理化特性。结果表明:堆放7周后,奶牛粪便干物质、挥发性固体、全氮、全磷(除堆高30 cm的处理外)、氨态氮、pH(除每天加粪便的处理外)均相应下降,灰分、总有机碳和碳氮比增加;四种处理CH_4排放速率在堆放4 d内分别达到一个峰值,后急剧下降并逐渐平稳,实验中期出现一个持续7周的高峰期。Wilcoxon非参数检验表明,粪便堆高和堆放方式对甲烷排放影响较大。     

HPLC法测定黄牛粪中的植物激素

利用高效液相色谱法对黄牛粪中的赤霉素(GA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和细胞分裂素(Z)含量进行测定,结果表明,黄牛粪中含有GA、IAA、ABA和Z,含量分别为:14.4930μg/g,2.4409μg/g,0.8154μg/g和1.1483μg/g.     

中国荷斯坦牛催乳素基因A8398G多态性与产奶性状相关性分析

采用PCR-RFLP技术对中国荷斯坦牛PRL基因第4外显子A8398G位点进行单核苷酸多态性分析。结果表明PRL基因经RsaⅠ酶切后产生2种等位基因和3种基因型。等位基因A和G的频率分别为0.257和0.743。基因型AA、AG和GG的频率分别为0.010,0.497及0.493。测序分析表明AA型和GG型相比在PRL基因第8398位碱基处发生A→G突变,该突变未导致氨基酸的改变。χ2适合性检验表明,PRL基因的RsaⅠ酶切位点处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态(P<0.05)。在第Ⅱ泌乳期,最小二乘分析表明:基因型GG所对应的乳蛋白率最小二乘均值显著高于基因型AG所对应的最小二乘均值(P<0.05);基因型AG所对应的产奶量最小二乘均值显著高于基因型GG所对应的最小二乘均值(P<0.01);基因型GG所对应的线性评分最小二乘均值显著高于基因型AG所对应的最小二乘均值(P<0.05)。     

牛ANGPTL1基因的电子克隆与序列分析

以牛的ANGPTL1基因为研究对象,利用生物信息学方法,对牛的ANGPTL1基因进行了电子克隆和序列分析,并对推导出的ANGPTL1蛋白结构与性质进行了初步分析。结果表明,牛的ANGPTL1基因序列长为2576bp,该基因的编码序列长为1476bp,编码492个氨基酸,编码序列的两翼有135bp的5’非编码区和785bp的3’非编码区。DNA序列的G＋C百分含量为44．31％,A＋T百分含量为55．69％。该基因的核苷酸序列与人、黑猩猩、鼠和狗ANGPTL1基因的cDNA序列的相似性分别为91％、90％、82％和93％。在氨基酸序列上与人、黑猩猩、鼠和狗的相似性分别为95％、95％、92％和95％。用氨基酸序列构建的进化树显示,在人、牛、黑猩猩、狗、褐鼠、原鸡几种动物中,牛与狗的亲缘关系最近。