The emergence of objectivity: Fleck,Foucault, Kuhn and Hacking

The analytical notions of ‘thought style’, ‘paradigm’, ‘episteme’ and ‘style of reasoning’ are some of the most popular frameworks in the history and philosophy of science. Although their proponents, Ludwik Fleck, Thomas Kuhn, Michel Foucault, and Ian Hacking, are all part of the same philosophical tradition that closely connects history and philosophy, the extent to which they share similar assumptions and objectives is still under debate. In the first part of the paper, I shall argue that, despite the fact that these four thinkers disagree on certain assumptions, their frameworks have the same explanatory goal – to understand how objectivity is possible. I shall present this goal as a necessary element of a common project -- that of historicising Kant's a priori. In the second part of the paper, I shall make an instrumental use of the insights of these four thinkers to form a new model for studying objectivity. I shall also propose a layered diagram that allows the differences between the frameworks to be mapped, while acknowledging their similarities. This diagram will show that the frameworks of style of reasoning and episteme illuminate conditions of possibility that lie at a deeper level than those considered by thought styles and paradigms.     

中国对联合国观念定位的历史嬗变

中国对联合国所持有的观点不是一成不变的，其变化动因主要取决于联合国在各个历史时期的客观表现及中国政府对其性质的主观认定。20世纪70年代之前，中国政府认为，“联合国完全站在美国一边，执行敌视新中国的政策。”自1971年中国恢复联合国席位后，中国对联合国的观念发生深刻变革：现有的联合国体制并不如人意，但中国需要安定、发展的局面，就不能不与之合作。进入20世纪90年代，中国自身定位为“负责任的大国”，并在联合国舞台发挥不可替代的重要作用。     

《史记》天命观的三个主要问题

关于《史记》天命观理论体系的观点纷繁复杂。从原著的纯文本出发，讨论《史记》里反映的天命观的三个主要问题：天命掌控的领域，天命传达的方式和人与天互动，以期理顺司马迁天命观思想体系的主要轮廓。     

电视剧《汉刘邦》对《史记》的继承和创新

历史剧代表作《汉刘邦》以《史记》所载史实为依托,着力反映了当时社会生活的广阔图景,在此基础上又通过真实再现与艺术虚构的有机融合,参照借鉴《史记》的对比手法设置富于对比性的画面,对《史记》人物的传奇性予以淡化,塑造了刘邦与项羽的艺术形象,既凸显了真实性与创造性有机结合的美学思维,更体现出电视剧创作对《史记》历史素材汲取所表现出的较为科学辩证的态度。     

时空的畅通：文学语言的社会意识与历史意识——巴赫金超语言学理论探究

文学语言在语言发展演变过程中积淀了社会意识和历史意识。通过理解文学语言,能将语言所具有的社会意识与历史意识内涵充分展现出来,使文学语言本身成为蕴涵深厚社会意识及历史意识的语言。     

清代交食记录的历史文献及其研究状况

概述了清代交食史料的原始文献以及目前对这些史料的整理和研究状况．     

史料派与史观派分野之原因刍议

史料派与史观派的分野不单单是政治上、治学旨趣方面的原因，它是多元因素互动的结果，是中西文化交流、碰撞、竞争下的中国社会的特定产物。史料学与史观是相辅相成的，史料派与史观派也非绝对对立，也有学术上的联系。     

晚唐咏史诗对社会兴亡人生成败的归因简析

咏史诗,是在混乱的政治、战乱的社会和颓靡的时代里,晚唐诗人解剖历史和人生的结晶。其对王朝兴亡、人生成败的归因是辩证、全面而深刻的。诗人形象演绎了“成由勤俭破由奢”的历史逻辑;对女人非祸水作了鲜明有力、符合逻辑的辩正;在强调德、能等人事因素影响兴亡成败的同时,肯定了“时”“运”“命”等非人事的偶然因素对兴亡成败的影响力。     

Anachronism and retrospective explanation: in defence of a present-centred history of science

This paper defends the right of historians to make use of their knowledge of the remote consequences of past actions. In particular, it is argued that the disciplinary cohesion of the history of science relies crucially upon our ability to target, for further investigation, those past activities ancestral to modern science. The history of science is not limited to the study of those activities but it is structured around them. In this sense, the discipline is inherently ‘present-centred’: its boundaries are determined, in part, by judgements inaccessible to the historical actors. Present-centredness of this sort, it is urged, should not be regarded as a problem; its methodological consequences are minimal.