盆地数值模拟的研究现状及发展

盆地数值模拟是目前世界上评价沉积盆地的油气资源远景的重要方法,它的产生标志着油气资源评价工作由传统的定性描述上升到定量描述的新高度。通过计算机技术把地质、地球物理、地球化学等多方面的概念模型变为数学模型,得到定量的结果。虽然由于石油地质理论尚有一些不成熟之处,获得参数的精度也存在一定问题,但它仍然是一种很有发展前景的定量评价方法。文中指出了这种方法的发展方向。     

Control of coupling among three major factors for formation of high-efficiency gas reservoir A case study on the oolitic beach gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin

Through a case study of the high-efficiency gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin, quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of key elements such as hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, and reservoir evolution as well as their interplay in the critical moment of reservoir formation controlled by the energy field were carried out, by means of numerical modeling of the energy field. It was found that the climax time for Permian hydrocarbon generation was Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and accumulation of oil and gas has resulted in large-scale paleoreservoirs in paleostructural traps in Feixianguan Formation, a process facilitated by fractures connecting the sources. The paleoreservoirs have been turned into high-efficiency gas kitchens due to pyrolysis, which resulted from deep burial at a temperature of 170-210℃ as induced by tremendously thick sedimentation in the foreland basin of Daba Mountain in Late Jurassic-Cretaceous period. Meanwhile, abundant acid gas like H2S produced from thermo-chemical sulfate reduction （TSR） at high temperatures leads to extensive dissolution of dolostone in the paleoreservoirs, which may in turn result in modification of the reservoirs and preservation of the reservoir rock porosity. The present distribution of gas reservoirs was ultimately determined in the processes of adjustment, cooling and decompression of the paleoreservoirs resulting from intense deformation in the front of Daba Mountain during the Himalayan orogeny.     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷浅层生物气成藏模式分析

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系浅层生物气一直被认为完全是由第四系腐殖型有机质生成的.最新研究结果表明:(1)第四系生物气藏探明储量与源岩条件之间不匹配;(2)高分辨率地震剖面特征表明三湖坳陷气田区域第四系发育了大量的气烟囱;(3)生物气组分特征表明有热成因气混入的可能性;(4)乙烷等重烃气碳同位素特征表明三湖坳陷第四系气藏有腐泥型生物气混入;(5)三湖坳陷上第三系狮子沟组发育偏腐泥型有机质.笔者认为第四系浅层生物气藏的形成机理比较复杂,包括“下生上储”和“自生自储”两种模式,第四系的浅生物气由上第三系狮子沟组生物气与第四系生物气混合而成.     

柴达木盆地西部地区第三系碎屑岩粒度概率累积曲线特征

在岩心观察的基础上,利用主要取心井的粒度分析资料,对柴达木盆地西部地区第三系碎屑岩主要沉积环境的粒度概率曲线进行了研究。研究表明,该地区发育的沉积相有扇三角洲、冲积平原、三角洲、湖泊、湖底扇,每一种沉积相又分为几种沉积亚相类型;该地区碎屑岩的粒度概率累积曲线特征主要包括:“上拱弧形”式、一段式、两段式、三段式、多段式、复杂两段式和复杂三段式、“低斜多段”式、“高斜多跳一悬”式和“高斜多跳一悬夹过渡”式、“高斜多跳”式、“宽缓上拱”式等,每种沉积亚相类型对应其独特的粒度概率累积曲线特征。该研究成果可为新探区的沉积环境判断提供参考。     

渤海盆地中部凹陷油气地球化学勘查

利用气相色谱质谱(GC MS)、胶束电动毛细管色谱(MECC)分析技术对渤海中部凹陷油气地球化学进行了勘查。结果表明,渤海中部凹陷2m深沉积物中苯和甲苯的平均体积分数分别为0.107×10-6和0.130×10-6;返浆脱气样中的苯和甲苯的平均体积分数为0.844×10-6和0.195×10-6;利用激光频率调制吸收光谱测量技术测得井中返浆气样甲烷碳同位素比δ13C1为-21‰～-72‰。钻探结果证实,调查区内8口油气井中的6口井位于沉积物甲苯异常范围内,5口井位于苯异常范围内。苯和甲苯异常呈顶端聚集模式。返浆脱气样中的苯和甲苯浓度在油气层上方300m左右明显升高。研究区内天然气以油型气和煤成气为主,含少量生物成因气和深部气。     

Geothermal field and its relation with coalbed methane distribution of the Qinshui Basin

The average geothermal gradient in the Qin-shui Basin, Shanxi Province, North China, estimated from temperature logging data of 20 boreholes is 28.2±1.03℃/km. The thermal conductivities of 39 rock samples are measured and 20 heat flow values are obtained. The estimated heat flow ranges from 44.75 mW7m2 to 101.81 mW/m2, with a mean of 62.69±15.20 mW/m2. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite data, using Ther-model for Windows 2004, reveals that the average paleo-heat flow at the time of maximum burial in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous is 158.41 mW/m2 for the north part, 119.57 mW/m2 for the central part and 169.43 mW/m2for the south part of the basin respectively. The reconstruction of the buried history of the strata indicates that the age for the end of sedimentation and the beginning of erosion for the basin is 108-156 Ma, and that the eroded thickness of the strata is 2603 m in the north, 2291 m in the central, and 2528.9 m in the south of the basin respectively. The "higher in the north and the south, lower in the central" distribution pattern of the paleo-heat flow coincides with the distribution of the coal-bed methane spatially and temporally, which shows that the coal-bed methane is controlled by the paleo-geotem-perature field in the basin.     

台西南盆地岩石圈伸展及裂后沉降特征分析

计算有效弹性厚度和不同尺度的拉张因子,并结合裂后的沉积记录可以反映一个伸展性盆地的形成演化特征.运用基于弹性梁模型和挠曲均衡原理的二维构造模拟软件重点对横穿台西南盆地的一条地震地质剖面进行模拟.分析结果表明:1.5km为台西南盆地最合适的有效弹性厚度;岩石圈尺度的拉张因子在1.2～4.8之间,上地壳尺度的拉张因子在1.0～1.2之间,全地壳尺度的拉张因子在1.1～3.0之间,岩石圈伸展具有横向的非均质性和深度的依赖性;台西南盆地裂后阶段受陆架坡折形成、东沙运动两期构造运动影响较大,不同于典型伸展性盆地裂后沉降模式,沉降特征无明显规律性.     

塔北西部岩浆热液–地层水流体系统及碳酸盐岩储层的成岩作用响应

通过对塔北地区多个碳酸盐岩露头的深入研究,认为该区域碳酸盐岩依次经历了硅化→热液白云石化→方解石化3个主要的后期成岩作用改造。通过对包裹体、同位素及稀土元素地球化学的研究,发现硅化流体具有高温度、高盐度特征;热液白云石化流体具有相对基质白云石明显的Eu正异常以及更高的轻重REE的分异度,而对方解石化流体的平衡水的计算可知,δ18OSMOW主要分布在+5.5‰～+12‰区间内,与岩浆热液流体的同位素值相一致。综合分析认为,存在岩浆热液对塔北地区碳酸盐岩的后期成岩改造。此外,通过对各露头碳、氧、锶同位素等的分析发现,后期成岩流体具有复杂性和叠加性,存在有机碳的影响以及大气淡水、壳源富87Sr地层水的混溶。岩浆活动为热液循环提供了大量的热源,异常的热事件驱动成岩流体进行广泛的循环流动,对碳酸盐岩地层进行热液成岩改造,同时岩浆热液也为成岩流体提供了诸如Si,REE等物质组分。晶洞内大量石英、硬石膏的发现说明研究区域的碳酸盐岩经历了广泛的酸性溶蚀作用,具有岩浆活动背景的开启性断层发育带成为有利的勘探靶区。     

准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩储层主控因素分析

通过对准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩油气藏岩芯的详细观察以及对储层岩石物性数据的统计分析,认为构造运动、岩性与岩相、风化淋滤作用是控制准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩储层的主要因素。火山岩储集空间类型分为原生裂缝、原生孔隙、次生裂缝、次生孔隙四类。储层的渗流能力主要由裂缝决定。风化壳是准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩储层的主要类型。优质储层主要分布在风化壳顶面以下250 m距离以内,其中环坳陷分布的古隆起部位更为有利。距离风化壳顶面越远,孔隙和裂缝充填程度越高,火山岩储集性能越差。     

河南省伊洛河流域生物多样性调查及评价

选取物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、物种特有性、受威胁物种丰富度、外来物种入侵度5个评价指标,以县域为评价单元,对河南省伊洛河流域13个县区展开生物多样性调查并进行综合评价,旨在系统掌握伊洛河流域生物多样性现状,为管理部门制定有效保护策略提供决策依据,并且进一步检验环保部已建立的生物多样性评价指标和方法.结果表明:流域内共有野生维管植物2882种;各类脊椎动物514种;自然分布的生态系统类型114种;中国特有物种1 107种;受威胁物种252种;外来入侵植物53种.上游卢氏、嵩县和栾川生物多样性评价结果为"高",中游的洛宁、宜阳、伊川为"中",而下游7个县区生物多样性均为"一般".流域内生物多样性地域性差异较大.