Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China

Pollen assemblages of 53 surface pollen samples from farmlands and wastelands in Northeast China were analyzed. Tree pollen percentages were usually higher than 30%, with Pinus (26.9%), Quercus (0.9%), Betula (0.9%) and Populus (0.7%) as the major types, and herb pollen percentages were usually higher than 50%, with weedy Poaceae (8.7%), Chenopodiaceae (7.1%), Artemisia (1.9%) and Compositae (3.5%) as the major taxa. Thus, the pollen assemblages were consistent with the regional vegetation compositions. However, there were differences in pollen assemblages among regions, especially among different geomorphological units. For example, in the mountains, there were more types of tree pollen and higher total percentages (average 42%) than in other areas, while cereal pollen percentages were lowest (11.2%). In the hills and high plains, herbs made up more than 60% of the pollens, with cereals (average 53.6%) the dominant type. In the low plains, pollen types were similar to those in the hills and high plains, but total pollen concentrations and the proportion of Concentricystes were much higher, while cereal pollen percentages were slightly lower (average 41.6%). Pollen assemblages in different land use types also differed. For example, in farmland, cereal pollen percentages were more than 40% and Chenopodiaceae was usually less than 2.5%, while in wasteland, weedy Poaceae was usually less than 10% and Chenopodiaceae was usually higher than 25%. Total pollen concentrations in farmland (average 3909 grains/g) were much lower than in wasteland (average 15074 grains/g). Redundancy analysis revealed that pollen assemblages were significantly negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (-0.73) and July mean temperature (-0.81) and significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (0.48), indicating that pollen assemblages in the artificial or human-disturbed vegetation reflect regional climate well. Comparison of pollen assemblages in different areas of northern China showed that pollen concentrations reflect the intensities of human impact to some degree. For example, pollen concentrations decrease as human impacts increase in intensity. The cereal pollen proportions in farmland differed by area. In Northeast China, cereal pollen proportions were distinctly higher than in most other areas of northern China, suggesting differences in planting habits and climate.     

Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: introduction and family Papilionidae

This article marks the beginning of a short series on the butterfly fauna of Mount Kilimanjaro. It commences with a brief overview of the topography, tectonic history, climate, ecological zonation and conservation significance of Africa's highest mountain. Following an introductory account to the butterfly fauna, the rest of this paper presents an annotated checklist of the swallowtails (Papilionidae). Eight papilionid species are currently believed to occur within the main forest zone, from 1800 to 2800 m (in places this zone extends down to c.1600 m). Another 10 have been recorded from the lower slopes, which include some disturbed forest and forest relicts, from 700–1800 m. The need for better data is discussed in light of the suggestion that the butterflies of Mount Kilimanjaro could become a focal group for monitoring effects of climate change. An identification key to families, together with a key to the swallowtail species and colour illustrations of adults, are included as online Supplementary Information.     

Land-atmosphere coupling amplifies hot extremes over China

Climate extremes, such as extreme hot temperatures and heat waves, can have dramatic societal, economic, and ecological consequences. China has experienced remarkable interannual and decadal changes in hot extremes during the last several decades. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in the hot extremes over China have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigate the role of land-atmosphere coupling for hot days and heat waves during summer over China using two long-term ...     

一个简单的气候系统反馈模式及其应用

首先建立了一个简单的气候系统反馈模式，然后从理论上分析研究反馈机制在区域气候要素的变化及其持续性过程中的作用，最后利用该模式研究了陆地区域的典型气候反馈关系，所得结果有助于加深对区域气候变化的原因以及区域气候变量间反馈过程的认识和了解。     

I－69／55杨速生丰产栽培原理与实践

从影响林木生长的环境因子入手，采用数学方法，找出了影响各引种栽培区内１－６９／５５杨生长的主导气象因子和主导土壤因子。在此基础上，采用数量化方法编制了Ｉ－６９／５５杨立地指数得分表。根据大量的固定标准地和临时标准地资料，经综合分析，提出了１－６９／５５杨的适宜造林密度和各项丰产栽培技术措施。     

防护林体系区域性气候效应的探讨

利用统计回归方法，将林网区与少林区和浅水面无林区进行分组分析，在对比过程中消除气候特征量自身随时空的变化和部分非线性因素，综合分析林网化的区域性气候效应，得出：防护林体系可以显著地减小区域内的风速，明显地减少区域内的蒸发量，且防护林在有叶期和无叶期对区域性的气候影响程度是不同的。     

我国锋的消长区

锋生(锋消)在天气学和气候学方面是一个重要问题。本文用OT_(1000)~(700)代表对流层下部的热力场,用850hpa风场代表对流层下部气流场,我们采用S.Petterssen锋生函数公式(F=d/(dt)|▽s|)计算20°—50°N,75—125°E范围内250km×250km网格点上1、4、7、10月的锋生函数值F。同时统计了1960—1969年通过上述区域各季中月的实际锋发生频数,两者作对比分析,用以说明我国冬夏春秋四季锋生(消)和实际锋频数的分布。     

全球气候变化对中国北方地区沙漠化的影响

阐述了沙漠化有关概念,在全球气侯变化下沙漠化正逆演替进程与全球气候系统之间存在着双向耦合关系,二者相互制约.但这种关系具有不确定性,有待进一步研究.     

The terrestrial NPP simulations in China since Last Glacial Maximum

Based on Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model （AVIM）, the magnitude and spatial distribution of terrestrial net primary productivity （NPP） in China is simulated during three different geological eras, Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）, Mid-Holocene （MH） and the present. The simulation shows that the glacial-interglacial variation of East Asian summer monsoon in China is the key factor affectfng the NPP change. During the three eras, mean NPPs are 208 g/m^2·a, 409 g/m^2·a, and 355 g/m^2·a. The total NPPs are 2.05 Pg/a, 3.89 Pg/a and 3.33 Pg/a, respectively. The terrestrial NPP in China during warm-humid climate is larger than that during cold-arid eras, and the correlation analysis between NPP and climate factors suggests that temperature is the primary factor affecting the terrestrial NPP during 21 kaBP （LGM）, and for 6 kaBP （MH） and the present the primary factor is precipitation.