气候变化影响下青藏公路重点路段的冻土危害及其治理对策

青藏公路穿越720余公里的多年冻土分布区,发育着基本稳定、准稳定、不稳定和极不稳定四种类型的多年冻土。自1985年,伴随着青藏公路黑色沥青路面铺设的全面完成,由于多年冻土退化导致的冻土路基病害一直困扰着青藏公路的正常使用,不同地段历经了3到5次不等的整治工程。各种模拟结果及预测显示,未来50年青藏高原年平均气温可能上升2.2～2.6 ℃,青藏高原的多年冻土将进一步退化。稳定性路段将大幅度减少,而不稳定路段将显著增加,将为青藏公路的正常营运带来新的冻害问题。笔者基于过去几十年来的研究成果,在考虑未来多年冻土退化的背景下,针对不同路段提出了初步的路基处理措施,为相关部门在进行青藏公路的冻害治理方面提供参考。       

冯·卡门与卡门涡街

美国宇航局2009年5月公布了自1959年8月14日拍摄第一张卫星照片以来,所选出的50年十佳地球卫星照片,排在十佳照片第一张的是"冯·卡门涡街",从而引起了人们对冯·卡门和卡门涡街的兴趣和关注.     

Impact of technology advances on China’s CO2 emission reduction

Global warming tends to be the major characteristics of the dramatic global climate change. To deal with these changes, the impact of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission on Chinese future economic and social development has to be assessed. In this paper, a Regional Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE), which is well known and accepted widely, has been used for Chinese economic assessment of climate change after introduction, assimilation and verification. Based on a sensitivity analysis of technical parameters in the RICE model and constrained targets proposed for energy saving and emissions reduction technological advance programs of China from 2000 to 2050, the economic impact of the programs is examined. The results indicate that when technology advances, Chinese CO₂ emission, climate loss, and the growth rate of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature will all decrease. It is assumed that in 2010, the CO₂ emission is 20% lower than in 2005, CO₂emission in 2050 would only double the level in 2000, the accumulative CO₂ emission would be decreased by 12.4 GtC, and the atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature in 2050 would reduce by 35 GtC and 0.04°C respectively from 2000 to 2050. The accumulative climate loss from 2000 to 2050 will drop down by 4.6 billion dollar, which only accounts for 6% of the global total benefits. However, the economic benefit the developed countries will obtain is 10 times that for China under such a technological advance scenario. The decrease of the CO₂ emission control rate is 1% in cooperation policy while 4.6% in non-cooperation policy, which would relieve China’s burden in the control of CO₂ total emission and thereby benefit China in participation of the international cooperation for CO₂ emission reduction.     

Response of Zhadang Glacier runoff in Nam Co Basin,Tibet, to changes in air temperature and precipitation form

This paper describes 2007/2008 inter-annual changes in runoff from the Zhadang Glacier located on the northern slope of Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibet, and analyzes their causes. Precipitation increased by 17.9% in summer months of 2008 compared with the same period in 2007, drainage basin runoff decreased by 33.3%, and glacial meltwater decreased by 53.8%. Change in positive accumulated air temperature explained approximately half of the inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater using a de-gree-day model. This suggests that the glacier is extremely sensitive to changes in air temperature. Energy balance analysis showed that change in glacier surface albedo, considered to be caused by difference in precipitation form, resulted in the large inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater. It was shown statistically that precipitation form in the summer months of 2007 was mainly rainfall which comprised 71.5% of total precipitation, while during the same period in 2008 rainfall accounted for 30.7%, with the majority of precipitation falling as snow. Precipitation form should be considered an independent factor when analyzing glacier sensitivity to climate change or forecasting the runoff from certain glaciers.     

Determining factors in potential evapotranspiration changes over China in the period 1971–2008

Potential evapotranspiration (ET_o) is important to hydrological cycling and the global energy balance. Based on a modified FAO56-Penman-Monteith model, ET_o was simulated for 603 meteorological stations across China in the period 1971–2008. Spatial distribution and temporal change of ET_o were characterized, and the determining factors in ET_o were revealed by sensitivity analysis. Results show obvious regional differences in annual average ET_o and its determining factor. In general, annual average ET_o decreased in the period 1971–2008, but increased since the 1990s. Wind speed and sunshine duration were determining factors in the annual ET_o trend, with smaller contributions from relative humidity and temperature. Declining wind speed was the determining factor in decreasing annual ET_o in northern temperate regions and the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial extent of wind speed influence contracted to northwest China in summer, and expanded to the whole country in autumn. Decreasing sunshine duration was the determining factor in decreasing annual ET_o in subtropical and tropical regions, especially in summer, with a larger spatial influence mainly to the southeast of the farming-pastoral region. ET_o change has distinct impacts on earth surface ecosystems and environment depending on different determining factors.     

气候变化对沿海城市的影响及应对措施

分析全球气候变化的总体现状,阐述气候变化对沿海城市的各类影响,提出城市在应对气候变化方面的措施.     

未来气候变化情景下我国粮食供需平衡风险研究

“粮食供需平衡风险”定义为未来气候变化对我国粮食供需的影响程度。基于IPCC 排放情景特别报告(SRES)中B2情景气候条件下的我国粮食生产模拟结果, 构建该框架下我国粮食消费分析情景, 最终建立以自给粮食供应程度为核心的粮食供需平衡风险标准。借助GIS空间分析技术, 探讨县域尺度上近期、中期和远期的气候变化将会给我国粮食供需平衡带来怎样的风险局面。结果表明气候变化将会在一定程度上加剧我国的粮食供需平衡形势。3个时段内, 粮食供需风险局面严峻形势由高到低排序: 中期>远期>近期。具体地, 中期面临的供需风险的县市比例高达66.99%, 其中中风险和高风险区域范围最广, 两者所占比例高达29.5%; 近期风险形势相对较为缓和, 上述比例降低到25.54%, 其中高风险县市比例较低约为10.72%, 中风险约为14.82%; 在空间格局上, 黄淮海区、黄土高原区、西南区以及青藏区的东缘面临的风险形势相对较为严峻, 东北区、甘新区以及内蒙及长城沿线区则相对较为良好。     

珠江三角洲区域大气扩散和输送特征诊断分析

为了深入研究珠江三角洲区域大气扩散和输送特征, 利用2006年珠江三角洲地区460个地面自动气象站的全年逐时气象数据和探空资料, 对自动气象站资料进行质量控制并整理, 使用Calmet模式诊断出逐时气象场。利用逐时风场和72小时轨迹, 对该地区的扩散类型进行分类(系统大风型、弱背景影响型和局地环流型), 并依此对该地区的流动状况进行分析。还根据季节和分类结果对扩散路径进行简单的分类, 并依此研究珠江三角洲地区的大气输送路径以及影响范围。分析结果表明: 珠江三角洲地区大气输送特征具有明显的季风性以及海陆风特征; 该地区春季和冬季的大气输送和扩散能力较好, 夏季次之, 秋季最差; 大气输送轨迹随季节变化明显, 并且在不同的扩散类型之间有显著的差异。     

气候变化对黄河径流以及源区生态和冻土环境的影响

本文综述了关于黄河源区和上游地区气候变化及其对黄河径流影响的研究及其他有关研究,并进一步讨论了气候变化对黄河源区和上游径流以及源区生态和环境的影响。研究表明:从20世纪90年代初起黄河源区和上游年径流量锐减,它严重影响了黄河中、下游年径流量,并引起黄河下游在20世纪90年代断流天数的增加;并且还指出,黄河上游和源区从20世纪90年代初到新世纪初降水的减少可能是导致黄河源区和上游径流锐减的主要原因,而黄河源区降水强度的减弱对于黄河源区径流在20世纪90年代的锐减也有一定影响;此外,本文还表明了从20世纪80～90年代到新世纪初黄河源区气温的明显上升并没有导致此区域蒸发量的太大变化,它对径流变化影响不大,但对此地区植被和冻土退化有重要影响。