由General Chemistry的译名说起

本文提出我国化学教育中的两点失误原因,其中对General一词翻译有误,也导致了在化学教育中的不利影响,应该予以纠正,重新修订化学专业教学计划和课程设置方案,把化学教学改革推向前进.     

Coincidence and reproducibility in the EHT black hole experiment

This paper discusses some philosophical aspects related to the recent publication of the experimental results of the 2017 black hole experiment, namely the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy M87. In this paper I present a philosophical analysis of the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) black hole experiment. I first present Hacking's philosophy of experimentation. Hacking gives his taxonomy of elements of laboratory science and distinguishes a list of elements. I show that the EHT experiment conforms to major elements from Hacking's list. I then describe with the help of Galison's Philosophy of the Shadow how the EHT Collaboration created the famous black hole image. Galison outlines three stages for the reconstruction of the black hole image: Socio-Epistemology, Mechanical Objectivity, after which there is an additional Socio-Epistemology stage. I subsequently present my own interpretation of the reconstruction of the black hole image and I discuss model fitting to data. I suggest that the main method used by the EHT Collaboration to assure trust in the results of the EHT experiment is what philosophers call the Argument from Coincidence. I show that using this method for the above purpose is problematic. I present two versions of the Argument from Coincidence: Hacking's Coincidence and Cartwright's Reproducibility by which I analyse the EHT experiment. The same estimation of the mass of the black hole is reproduced in four different procedures. The EHT Collaboration concludes: the value we have converged upon is robust. I analyse the mass measurements of the black hole with the help of Cartwright's notion of robustness. I show that the EHT Collaboration construe Coincidence/Reproducibility as Technological Agnosticism and I contrast this interpretation with van Fraassen's scientific agnosticism.     

Interpreting cosmic no hair theorems: Is fatalism about the far future of expanding cosmological models unavoidable?

It may be tempting to interpret cosmic no hair theorems (establishing that, under certain conditions, a cosmological model with accelerating expansion approaches de Sitter metric in the future) as implying a form of fatalism about a future state of the universe. In this note I explore (rather general) philosophical and (more concrete) physical reasons to resist such temptation. There are good reasons to think that (even locally) futures of expanding cosmological models may be unlike de Sitter.     

广义进化的定义

广义进化的基本理论,尤其是一些基本概念有待研究。要找到广义进化的准确定义,必须分析清楚四个关系：第一,有序与适应性的关系;第二,进化与复杂化的关系;第三,复杂与有序的关系;第四,复杂与适应性的关系。序参量的评价标准应该是系统功能的总价值,只有当系统的新结构导致新功能出现时,才会使有序度增大。进化就是复杂化,复杂化就是创新,就是对称性破缺程度增大的过程,广义进化是所有物质系统的复杂化过程。     

全语言教育理念及对我国幼儿园语言教育的启示

全语言教育是近年来学前教育界比较重要的一种新的语言教育理念。全语言教育强调儿童的语言学习是整体性的学习,是在真实世界中进行的有效的和有用的学习,是开放而平等的学习,是与其他领域的学习融合在一起的学习。全语言教育理念对我国当前幼儿园语言教育教学改革有积极的推动作用,并有如下启示:幼儿园语言教育应该是完整的、全面的,幼儿语言教育活动的过程应是真实的,幼儿园语言教育应采用多样化的形式开展,幼儿园语言教育应与其他领域的活动相整合。     

新课改背景下皖西革命老区农村初级中学体育师资现状的调查研究

本文在新一轮课改背景下，针对对皖西革命老区农村初级中学的体育师资现状进行深入的调查分析，从师资层面找出影响皖西革命老区农村初级中学学校体育开展的制约因素，为深化《体育与健康》课程改革提供参考依据。     

生态学实验教学模式改革的探讨

本文结合生态学实验教学模式改革的进行,探讨生态学实验教学过程初步探索和实践的效果,并且分析生态学实验教学改革中的不足,对高校开展生态学教学改革研究具有重要意义。     

宇宙年龄和宇宙物质密度

根据爱因斯坦广义相对论,时空弯曲,宇宙是有限的。现在已被主流物理学家普遍接受的是标准宇宙论,按标准宇宙论经过严格的数学推导,演算得到了宇宙的年龄、宇宙物质密度。作者根据广大天体物理工作者认可的观察数据和结论,通过初等数学的计算,得到的结果大相径庭。根本没天体物工作者寻找的暗物质。     

Mach׳s principle as action-at-a-distance in GR: The causality question

A part of the revival of interest in Mach׳s principle since the early 1960s has involved work by physicists aimed at calculating various sorts of frame-dragging effects by matter shells surrounding an interior region, and arguing that under certain conditions or in certain limits (ideally, ones that can be viewed as plausibly similar to conditions in our cosmos) the frame dragging becomes “complete” (e.g. Lynden-Bell, Katz, & Bičák, 1995) . Such results can bolster the argument for the satisfaction of Mach׳s principle by certain classes of models of GR. Interestingly, the frame-dragging “effect” of (say) a rotational movement of cosmic matter around a central point is argued by these physicists to be instantaneous—not an effect propagating at the speed of light. Not all physicists regard this as unproblematic. But rather than exploring whether there is something unphysical about such instantaneous “action at a distance”, or a violation of the precepts of Special Relativity, I am interested in exploring whether these physicists׳ calculations should be thought of as showing local inertia (resistance to acceleration) to be an effect, with distant matter distributions being the cause. I will try to apply some leading philosophical accounts of causation to the physical models of frame dragging, to see whether they imply that the frame dragging is superluminal causation. I will then offer reflections on the difficulties of applying causal talk in physical theories.     

德育社团：德育课程建设不应忽视的资源

教师德育素养作为德育课程的一种核心资源,它的提高有赖于＂德育社团＂这一重要资源。从这一角度上来说,＂德育社团＂是建设德育课程资源的一个十分重要的途径。结合我国德育课程资源的现实困境以及当前德育社团发展的历史机遇,借鉴国外教育社团建设德育课程资源的历史经验,尝试探讨我国德育社团建设课程资源的可行之径。