跨界水环境治理的政府间协作机制研究

以跨界水环境治理中政府间协作关系的困境为研究对象,分别从行政分割、法律缺失、治理机制以及财政分担机制不完整等方面探讨了地方政府在跨界流域治理过程中陷入协作困境的原因,并据此提出了建议,即强化政府间认同机制、明确法律保障制度、完善水环境政府治理体制和政府投资机制等。最后以太湖流域为例,结合太湖水环境治理的特点,剖析了其治理现状及困境,提出了该流域政府间协作治理的对策建议。     

铁岭莲花湖湿地生物多样性研究进展

湿地生物多样性对于维持湿地生态功能和生态系统稳定有重要作用,湿地生物多样性研究的深入开展,对生物多样性保护和生态恢复具有重要意义,也为制定可持续利用规划提供可靠依据.简要介绍铁岭莲花湖湿地的自然概况,从植物种类的多样性、动物种类的多样性、植物群落的多样性和生物多样性评价几个方面,对现有研究成果进行评述,并对铁岭莲花湖湿地生物多样性的下一步研究进行展望.     

衡水湖水文化简论

水是源,文化是魂.衡水湖作为京南第一湖,国家级自然保护区和水利风景区,水文化十分丰富,既有水工程、水环境、水景观等物质形态的水文化,又包含水哲学、水法规、水文艺、治水理论和水著作等精神形态的水文化.     

洱海水硫化物及六价铬含量的检测分析

目的:了解洱海水硫化物及六价铬含量。方法:采集洱海20个点的水样对硫化物及六价铬的含量进行检测,分别采用亚甲蓝分光光度法,二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法进行测定。结果按照《地表水环境质量标准进行评价》。结果:硫化物、六价铬合格率为100%。结论:硫化物、六价铬均达到GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》的一类水质。     

瑶湖流域非点源氮、磷负荷估算及其控制对策

利用ArcGIS10.0软件,划分了瑶湖流域的范围,并提取了土地利用类型及其面积,在流域调查的基础上,参考国内外相关研究方法,按照农村与城镇生活污染(A类污染)、畜禽养殖污染(B类污染)、村镇与农业径流污染(C类污染)和水产养殖污染(D类污染)等4种污染来源,估算了瑶湖流域的非点源氮、磷污染负荷。结果表明:入湖氮、磷总负荷分别为346.3 t/a和102.8 t/a;B类污染是氮和磷污染的主要来源,其污染负荷占总负荷的比例分别为73.1%和85.3%;南昌县对B类污染的TN和TP贡献率大于青山湖区;南昌县对A类污染的TN和TP贡献率稍小于青山湖区;对于C类污染,TN贡献率大小为:水田村镇水浇地,TP贡献率大小为:村镇水田水浇地。在此分析基础上,提出了非点源N、P污染负荷控制对策。这为瑶湖流域水污染控制提供了理论依据和数据支撑,同时也为政府制定区域社会经济发展规划提供了决策依据。     

鄱阳湖滨湖区污染控制区划与防治对策研究

实行分区污染控制与管理是开展鄱阳湖滨湖区污染综合防治的有效措施。基于鄱阳湖滨湖区主要污染物来源分析和污染控制区划原则,对鄱阳湖滨湖区的污染控制区划进行了探讨,在各类型污染源分区叠加基础上,确定滨湖区污染控制区划,并根据各分区污染负荷特征提出了相应的分区控制措施。结果表明,鄱阳湖滨湖区主要污染物氮、磷、CODCr和氨氮主要来源于畜禽养殖和城镇生活污染。依据各类型污染源影响,可将鄱阳湖滨湖区划分为工业与生活污染控制区、农业养殖污染控制区和农业种植面源综合整治区。并将各区进一步细分为重点控制区和一般控制区。针对各区污染特征提出了相应的污染控制对策,以期为鄱阳湖滨湖区污染防治工作提供帮助。     

Climatic significance of n-alkanes and their compound-specific dD values from lake surface sediments on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The content and hydrogen isotope ratios of n-alkanes extracted from recent lake surface sediments sampled from nine lakes in three different climate zones on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed.Values were compared with n-alkanes in plants from lake drainages,and dD values of meteoric water,lake water,and mean annual precipitation.The results showed that n-C23was predominantly derived from aquatic plants,and n-C27–n-C33from terrestrial higher plants.The average carbon chain length of n-C27–n-C33(ACL27–33)was positively correlated with the mean annual precipitation.dD values of the long-chain n-alkanes n-C29and n-C31of terrestrial origin(varying between-214%and-169%,and-226%and-185%,respectively)were inversely correlated with mean annual precipitation;but in accordance with the average annual variations in dD(OIPC),dD values of n-C31were strongly related to the dD values of growing season meteoric water(R2=0.74).The large difference between dD values of n-C23of aquatic origin and n-C31(an average of about 27%)demonstrates the enrichment of the lake water dD compared to precipitation,caused by strong evaporation in the semiarid–arid areas of the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Average value of en C25 31=p(-95%)is evidently higher than the value observed in European wet regions(-128%);besides,en C31(about-116%)is constant along the study transect(SD=9),which indicates that n-C31is a useful proxy for the environment.     

Monitoring dynamic changes of global land cover types:fluctuations of major lakes in China every 8 days during 2000–2010

Remote sensing images can be used to delineate variations in the area of lakes and to assess the influence of environmental changes and human activities.However,because lakes are dynamic,results obtained from individual images acquired on a single date are not representative and do not accurately reflect ongoing changes.In this study,we used 8-day moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)composite data from 2000 to2010 to map water surface changes over 629 lakes in China.We combined automatic extraction of training data and support vector machine classification to derive the spatial distribution of these large water bodies.The producer’s and user’s accuracies for MODIS images were91.06%and 89.81%,respectively,when compared with interpretation results from 30 m resolution Landsat images taken on similar days.Area changes,variability,inundation intensity,and rainy seasons of the 629 lakes were analyzed based on this multi-temporal lake database.The total area of the 629 lakes increased over the study period,primarily as a result of the expansion of lake areas on the Tibetan Plateau.There were 12 lakes with a maximum area[1,000 km2,and six of these decreased in area from 2000to 2010.The shrinkages of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake were-54.76 and-25.08 km2/a,respectively.The area of lakes on Tibetan Plateau,in northern Xinjiang,northeastern Inner Mongolia,and northeastern China varied little,while lakes on the Yangtze Plain,in southern Inner Mongolia,and central Xinjiang fluctuated considerably.Inundation intensity increased for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau,in northern Xinjiang,Heilongjiang,and Jilin,while inundation extent decreased in central Xinjiang,southern Tibet,southern Inner Mongolia,Sichuan,and on the Yangtze Plain.This study is an attempt to develop high-frequency specific land cover maps to improve applicability of general land cover maps.The lake products serve as an important supplement to hydrologic data.The lake database enables the generation of new land surface process models,which could improve the precision of simulations,based on more accurate observations of dynamic lake systems.     

东洞庭湖浮游藻类优势种群对主要水环境因子的生态适应性

【目的】研究东洞庭湖浮游藻类优势种群对主要水环境因子的生态适应性,为东洞庭湖水生态系统保护、健康评估及生物监测提供科学依据。【方法】根据物种综合数量指标(重要值IV)筛选优势种表征浮游藻类群落结构,通过因子分析法(Factor analysis)从18项水质参数中提取出主要水环境因子,运用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)研究优势种群与主要水环境因子的关系。【结果】从优势种与环境因子的关系来看,水温与溶解氧是影响尖针杆藻(Synedra acusvar)的主要因子;变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、凸出舟形藻(Mavicula prptracta)是水体有机污染的良好指示种;草鞋形波缘藻(Cymatopleura solea)喜高浓度的氨氮;细小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)对阴离子表面活性剂敏感,而双头辐节藻(Stauroneis anceps)对阴离子表面活性剂表现出高耐受性;肘状针杆藻(Synedra ulna)对环境条件的要求较其它藻类有一定的特殊性;大多数浮游藻类喜弱碱性的水体环境。相较于以往研究,电导率并不是影响东洞庭湖藻类群落结构的主要水环境因子。【结论】东洞庭湖不同的浮游藻类优势种群对环境因子有其特定的生态适应性。