青风藤内生真菌 QT-NJ-10化学成分研究*1

目的：研究青风藤（Caulis sinomenii）内生真菌 QT-NJ-10的化学成分。方法以青风藤（Caulis sinomenii）作为宿主植物,分离得到青风藤的内生真菌。通过培养基优化,最终以其中一株内生真菌 QT-NJ-10为供试菌株,经过大批发酵,得到乙酸乙酯相粗提物。通过多种现代色谱手段对粗提物进行单体化合物的分离,单体化合物再利用核磁共振波谱手段（1 H-NMR,13 C-NMR,HSQC,COSY和 HMBC 等）鉴定其结构。结果通过分离、纯化、培养基优化,对其中之一 QT-NJ-10菌株再进行大批发酵,提取、分离,多种分析方法表征结果显示,所得化合物为 eremofortine C-1。结论对于以青风藤（Caulis sinomenii）作为宿主植物,分离纯化得到青风藤的内生真菌的其它成分以及 eremofortine C-1的生物活性,均有待进一步深入研究。     

苍山黑龙溪捕食线虫真菌的生物多样性

目的：了解苍山黑龙溪沉水腐木和溪边土壤中捕食线虫真菌的多样性特征。方法：随机采集苍山黑龙溪沉水腐木样品和溪边的土样各100份,培养后对样品进行观察,用经典分类学方法对观察到的捕食线虫真菌进行分离和初步鉴定。结果：从腐木上分离到捕食线虫真菌3属11种,从溪边土壤分离到3属16种。结论：溪边土壤中捕食线虫真菌的检出率、物种丰富度、优势度指数均高于沉水腐木,腐木和土壤中的捕食线虫真菌存在一定的群落相似性,但土壤中的多样性高于腐木上的。     

菌丝内生细菌及其宿主真菌共生体系研究进展

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中，真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用，共同发挥各种生态功能。有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部，借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程，这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌（endohyphal bacteria, EHB）。EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章，是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表。在逆境条件下，EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤，诱导植物激素类物质的产生，对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用。研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.，引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的，而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的。EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性。在某些情况下，EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因。目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法，然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入。综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系，阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系，以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响，并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议。     

山西省庞泉沟自然保护区大型真菌调查报告Ⅰ

本文报道了采自山西省庞泉沟自然保护区的69种大型真菌,隶属于22科,52属,其中药用菌20种,食用菌31种。全部标本是由作者和山西农业大学林学系师生在1985年7月和1987年7—8月采集的,并保存在山西农业大学真菌标本室。     

Secretion of chitinase byAphanocladium album,a hyperparasite of wheat rust

Summary Aphanocladium album, a hyperparasite of wheat rust,Puccinia graminis vartritici, secretes chitinase when grown on a chitin-containing medium. This enzyme was purified and shown to attack the mycelium of the parasitized rust fungus.Supported, in part, by a grant from the Naef-Roth-Foundation.     

Immunochemical detection of arbuscular mycorrhizae

The difficult systematics of the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) forming-fungi, belonging to the Glomales, can be facilitated with immunochemical methods. Polyclonal antibodies, however, are seldom able to reach below the generic level. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been produced which can differentiate AM fungal spores on the species and strain/isolate level. Together with an improved enrichment procedure for spores and hyphae of AM fungi, isolation and identification of the extraradical structures is possible with these mAb, lowering the risk of unspecific binding. Quantification of the data is discussed as the next step.This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Peter Sitte on the occasion of his 65th birthday.     

Mycorrhizas and root architecture

Summary Roots function dually as a support system and as the nutrient uptake organ of plants. Root morphology changes in response to the soil environment to minimize the metabolic cost of maintaining the root system, while maximizing nutrient acquisition. In response to nutrient-limiting conditions, plants may increase root fineness or specific root length (root length per gram root weight), root/shoot ratio, or root hair length and number. Each of these adaptations involves a different metabolic cost to the plant, with root hair formation as the least costly change, buffering against more costly changes in root/shoot ratio. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is another alternative to such changes. Plants with high degrees of dependence on the symbiosis have coarser root systems, less plasticity in root/shoot ratio, and develop fewer root hairs in low-fertility soils. In nutrient-limited soils, plants highly dependent on mycorrhiza reduce metabolic cost by developing an even more coarse or magnolioid root system, which is less able to obtain nutrients and thus creates a greater dependence of the plant on the symbiosis. These subtle changes in root architecture may be induced by mycorrhizal fungi and can be quantified using topological analysis of rooting patterns. The ability of mycorrhizal fungi to elicit change in root architecture appears to be limited to plant species which are highly dependent upon mycorrhizal symbiosis.     

浙江清凉峰地衣内生菌物种多样性及活性研究

采用挑取地衣体髓层菌丝法对浙江省清凉峰的地衣内生菌进行分离培养。基于ITS序列和28S序列的系统发育分析表明,选取的55株内生菌都属于子囊菌门且具高度的物种多样性。用滤纸片法检测该内生菌次生代谢产物的抗细菌、真菌活性,发现其中有8株具抗菌活性,占所测菌株的14.55%,抑菌圈的直径最大达到3 cm。研究表明地衣内生菌可产生丰富的具抑菌活性的次生代谢产物,可作为对多种病原物具有抑菌活性物质筛选的资源,是抑菌活性物质潜在的、丰富的资源库。     

Biological interactions in the mycorrhizosphere

Summary Microbial communities in the mycorrhizosphere (i.e. in the small volume of soil immediately surrounding a mycorrhizal root) actively interact with the establishment and functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Examples of competitive and mutualistic interactions are given, and are discussed in the light of recent observations and experimental results. The significance of biological interactions in the mycorrhizosphere is considered from the standpoints of plant ecology and of practical application.