乌金山植物群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局

在乌金山适合地段沿海拔梯度设置11个样地,采用数量分类,对乌金山植物群落类型、物种组成和物种多样性的垂直分布格局进行调查.结果表明：（1）随着海拔的升高,森林群落依次为油松林、侧柏林、油松侧柏混交林、油松山桃山杏混交林、白皮松林、油松白皮松混交林.（2）11个样地中共调查到乔木13种,灌木16种,草本31种.（3）物种丰富度成明显的单峰分布格局,最大的丰富度出现在中海拔群落中.木本植物的物种丰富度随着海拔高度的增加而下降,草本植物的物种丰富度随着海拔高度的增加先增加后下降.（4）沿海拔梯度森林群落的最大树高、最大胸径、平均树高和平均胸径等群落结构均呈单峰分布格局.（5）α多样性沿海拔梯度变化趋势与物种丰富度相似,但没后者明显.β多样性随海拔的升高而有所降低,在低海拔较高.（6）在调查的海拔范围内,海拔梯度是影响植物群落分布的主要因子,坡度坡向为次要因子,海拔比坡度坡向对群落的结构特征、物种丰富度以及（α、β）多样性的影响更大,而在局部尺度上,人为干扰以及小地形导致的生境异质性对群落物种多样性有着重要影响.     

The effect of altitude on arid inselbergs along a bioclimatic gradient

Twenty-four inselbergs in four distinct landscapes along a biogeographic gradient from mesic winter rainfall in the southern Namib to arid summer rainfall in the northern Namib were analysed. Declining similarity of vegetation between matrix (surrounding plains) and inselbergs with altitude were exhibited in most inselbergs, irrespective of biogeographic region, rock types and height above surroundings. Some inselbergs showed the least congruence with matrix vegetation on upper slopes, others with the top of inselbergs. This is probably related to the nature of the individual inselbergs, e.g. with steep cliffs in the upper reaches supporting plant species adapted to more mesic conditions. Most trends of declining similarity between matrix and inselberg habitats were maintained across the investigated bioclimatic regions. Even low inselbergs clearly supported vegetation very distinct from the surrounding area. Their contribution to species richness of a landscape is therefore unquestionable and adequate protection of such landscapes is needed where human impacts are severe.     

四川老河沟自然保护区蝴蝶多样性研究

2013年4—10月在四川老河沟自然保护区进行系统调查(共13次调查, 每次间隔约15天), 并于2014年和2015年进行补充调查。在3年的调查中共发现12科117属252种蝴蝶。在各科蝴蝶中, 蛱蝶科的物种数占比最高, 为33.3%。在2013年的系统调查中发现蝶类235种, 在2014年和 2015年的补充调查中, 新发现蝶类仅17种, 表明调查方案可获取较全面的本底数据。有5个物种收录在《国家保护的有益的, 或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的野生动物名录》中; 仅有3个物种被IUCN红色名录针对全球范围评级, 均为“无危”等级。古北种、东洋种和古北–东洋共有种的占比分别为3.3%, 32.9%和63.8%。结合周边区域的蝶类区系成分, 发现秦岭–岷山一线对古北界和东洋界物种的扩散存在地理屏障作用。蝶类物种在6—9月发生最多。随海拔上升, 蝶类物种丰度总体上呈先增后减趋势, 在海拔1500~1600 m最高; 在海拔1000~1100 m区域出现小的峰值, 该区域位于保护区边缘的扩展区, 景观异质度高, 说明人类的适度扰动有利于蝴蝶多样性的存续。研究结果可为蝴蝶多样性监测提供优化的参考方案。     

基于梯度调节规则的图像修复算法研究

当前较多图像修复算法采用单一大小样本块进行图像修复,不能适应图像不同差异的纹理丰富度变化,使得修复结果存在块效应以及模糊效应等不足。本文利用图像的梯度值,设计了基于梯度调节规则的图像修复算法。将图像的梯度信息引入优先权计算,联合数据项、置信度项目构造优先权计算函数,以计算优先修复块。利用图像的梯度变化率,建立梯度调节规则,用以调节样本块大小,适应不同的纹理丰富度。引入SSD(Sumofsquareddifferences)函数从源区域中寻找最优匹配块,实现图像修复。实验结果显示,所设计方法修复的图像具有良好的视觉效果。     

中国荨麻科植物地理分布

结合文献资料研究和在各地开展荨麻科植物调查,对荨麻科植物的物种丰富度、特有性指数、相似性系数、垂直分布和水平分布进行数据处理,结果表明:该科植物的分布中心在滇、桂一带;特有性中心在台、滇、藏、桂等地;相似性系数较大是地理上相近、环境异质性较小的地区;垂直分布中心为500～2 000m;水平分布中心为东经90°～120°和北纬20°～35°.受地理环境、气候因素等影响,荨麻科植物主要分布在高原地区,平原、丘陵地区种植较少,且品种缺乏.     

一种实时连续LOD技术的改进算法

建立多层次细节模型是提高大规模地形场景绘制速度的关键技术。本文在传统的基于四叉树的实时连续LOD生成算法基础上,提出了一种改进算法。该算法首先采用Mortan码的编码方式对地形数据简化,利用不完全四叉树存储简化后的高程数据,然后根据视点位置和网格空间对象误差的关系建立基于不完全四叉树的LOD模型,最后采用背面剔除算法将起伏地形的不可见部分去除。笔者使用该方法描述荆江地区的地形,取得了较好的简化效果。     

Coexistence of two sympatric and morphologically similar bat species Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus pearsoni

Ecologists have long focused on the coexistence of sympatric species. Here, we investigated two horseshoe bat species, Rhinolophus affinis and R. pearsoni inhabited in the same cave, for their foraging strategies, niche differentiation, prey selection, and their coexistence status. These two species of horseshoe bats were different in the dominant frequency of their echolocation calls but similar in their morphology. We found evidence for prey selectivity although there was a high degree of overlap in prey categories and sizes. R. affinis and R. pearsoni foraged on 16 and 7 categories insects, respectively, with Pyralidae, Geometridae, Melolonthidae dominating their diets. The degree of trophic niche overlap was 0.69. Pairwise comparisons suggested that there was no obvious differentiation in prey categories and size. However, high prey availability in the environment (Simpson diversity index = 0.79 and Margalef richness index ＝ 4.12) contributed to their coexistence by dampening the interspecific competition. Since there are one or more mechanisms facilitating species coexistence in a community, our results suggest that the spatial niche differentiation in foraging microhabitats and in foraging habitats at landscape scale may promote the coexistence of the two bat species. However, additional field data are needed to confirm this speculation.     

How does contemporary climate versus climate change velocity affect endemic plant species richness in China？

Climate change is considered a top threat to biodiversity, but the relative roles of contemporary climate versus the rate of climate change in determining spatial patterns of biodiversity are far from clear. China has a very diverse flora and harbors a high percentage of endemic species, but the mechanisms underlying spatial patterns of plant endemism are poorly understood. This study explores the geographical patterns of a representative sample of 555 endemic seed plant species at the scale of 0.5° latitude × 0.5°longitude. Ordinary least squares and spatial autoregressive models were compared to assess the relationship between richness of endemics and the rate of climate change in the past century, as well as a group of contemporary climate variables. In China, a high level of endemism was associated with high elevation and low rate of climate change. However, contemporary climate had a stronger impact than climate change velocity in the past century on endemic species richness patterns. Specifically,mean annual precipitation and annual range of temperature were important contemporary climatic factors. The rate of change of annual mean temperature, but not that of annual precipitation, also significantly contributed to the spatial pattern of plant endemic species richness. We found no significant relationship between topographic variation and endemic species richness, while temperature variability at multiple time scales was strongly correlated with the species richness pattern. Future work should consider the direction of climate change and incorporate higher-resolution data.     

Changes in the littoral macroinvertebrate assemblages of Oak Mere from 1980 to 1998

Data on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of Oak Mere, England are presented for the period 1980 to 1998. There was a marked fall in species richness and numbers of individuals associated with a fall in surface level. Correlations between surface level, areas of vegetation and aspects of the macroinvertebrate assemblages are demonstrated.     

政治参与对践行科学发展观之重要性

公民有序的政治参与能够促进社会政治稳定,增强政治统治的合法性,抑制腐败,为执政党和政府提供丰富而真实的信息,为社会发展提供动力。政治参与对践行科学发展观有着重要的作用：它是实现发展的重要手段,是落实以人为本的关键环节,是统筹兼顾的前提条件。所以,在践行科学发展观的过程中,必须重视扩大公民有序的政治参与,特别是最广大人民群众的政治参与。