交互式三维机械零件图信息输入处理系统

本文论述了交互式三维机械零件图信息输入处理系统(GEOCORE)的总体结构、主要功能和系统设计原理.由于该系统应用了现代软件工程中模块封装概念和用户接口管理技术,其开发可独立于机器、外设和软件支持环境,直接面向系统各个功能设计.     

营养元素添加对青藏高原亚高寒草甸物种多度分布格局的影响

以青藏高原亚高寒草甸为研究对象,基于N,P,N+P耦合营养元素添加的控制实验,研究了群落内全部物种、常见种和稀有种的物种多度分布格局以及物种丰富度对N,P,N+P耦合营养元素添加的响应规律,并选取对数正态模型、幂分割模型、几何级数模型、Zipf模型以及中性模型对物种多度数据进行拟合.结果表明:1)P添加对物种丰富度的影响不显著,全部物种、常见种与稀有种的物种多度分布曲线的陡缓程度基本相同.随N,N+P耦合添加量的增大,全部物种与常见种的物种多度分布曲线都越来越陡峭,物种丰富度也都显著下降,表明在青藏高原亚高寒草甸N,N+P耦合添加会导致物种多样性的降低.2)比较CK,N15,P15,N15P15的物种多度分布曲线发现N+P耦合处理的物种多度分布曲线的陡峭度较CK,N15,P15处理的要陡,表明N+P耦合对物种多度分布格局的影响效应要强于单独的N,P的.3)分析施肥对物种多度分布模式的影响发现,全部物种的多度分布符合统计模型的对数正态模型以及基于生态位理论的幂分割模型、几何级数模型与Zipf模型.常见种的多度分布符合几何级数模型与Zipf模型,而稀有种在同时符合这两种基于生态位分化的模型外,呈现出符合中性模型的趋势.说明多种不同模型可以拟合同一生境的物种多度分布,常见种和稀有种通过不同的响应方式共同维持着亚高寒草甸生态系统的物种多样性.     

数据仓库中粒度级别的确定

给出了数据仓库中粒度的概念,阐述了粒度级别的确定原则.最后通过一个例子就数据仓库中经常存在的双重粒度级别做了一些讨论.     

Coexistence of two sympatric and mOrpho1ogically similar bat species Rhinolophus affnis and Rhinolophus pearsoni

Ecologists have long focused on the coexistence of sympatric species.Here,we investigated two horseshoe bat species,Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus pearsoni inhabited in the same cave,for their foraging strategies,niche differentiation,prey selection,and their coexistence status.These two species of horseshoe bats were ditierent in the dominant frequency of their echolocation calls.but similar in their morphology.We found evidence for prey selectivity although there was a high degree of overlap in prey categories and sizes.R affinis and R pearsoni foraged on 16 and 7 categories insects,respectively,with Pyralidae,Geometridae,Melolonthidae dominating their diets.The degree of trophic niche overlap was 0.69.Pairwise comparisons suggested that there was no obvious differentiation in prey categories and size.However,high prey availability in the environment(Simpson diversity index=0.79 and Margalef richness index=4.121 contributed to their coexistence by dampening the interspecific competition.Since there are one or more mechanisms facilitating species coexistence in a community,our results suggest that the spatial niche differentiation in foraging microhabitats and in foraging habitats at landscape scale may promote the coexistence of the two bat species.However,additional field data are needed to confirm this speculation.     

校园植物物种丰富度调查及其配置分析

生态校园是一个建立在遵循生态规律基础上的和谐有序、稳定性好的校园群落环境．本文运用文献资料调查、数理统计等方法,对曲靖市校园绿化植物种类种数、树种应用频率、植物群落物种丰富度进行分析,总结生态校园建设特别是植物配置中存在的典型问题,并提出建设性意见．     

Responses of ground-dwelling spiders to four hedgerow species on sloped agricultural fields in Southwest China

Spiders are important predators in aeroecosystems and contribute to the control of agricultural nect nnnulatinns.Hahitat manage-ment such as the creation of new semi-natural habitats around or within fields enhances spider abundance and species diversity.Using pitfall traps,we investigated the effects of four hedgerow plant svecies.which serve as undisturhed and permanent semi-narimal habitats,on ground-dwelling spider activity density(a parameter of nonulation density and relative activitv)and species richness.Samples were ollected over two winter wheat and two summer maize growing seasons druing 2005-2007 in trial field 1(slope gradient of 20%)and field 2(slope gradient of 12%)at the Ziyane Experimental Site in Sichuan Province,China.The hedgerow species evaluated were Amorpha fruticosa(field 1).Vetiveria zizanioides(field 1),EulahODsis binata (field 2),and Afediraon sativa(field 2).CnmnareA to rnntrnl plots,hedgerow plots had significantly higher activity density and species richness of ground-dwelling spiders within strips in both fields 1 and 2 during the wheat growing season.The presence of hedgerow strins did not augment the activity density and species richness of ground-dwelling spiders within the crop fields during the wheat or maize growing seasons.The ground-dwelling spider activity density within hedgerow strips was significantly higher in the Vetiveria than in the AmorDha nlots and in the Medicago than in the Eulaliopsis plots,and the species richness was significantly higher in the Vetiveria than in the Amornha plots during the wheat season. Our results suggest that hedgerows may serve as important overwinterine sites for ground-dwelling spiders durinjthe wheat growing season.In addition,the diversification of agroecosystems by using hedgerow strips may be a viable strategy for maintaining ground-dwelling spider populations in agricultural areas.However,ground-dwelling spiders did not move into adiacent crop fields;therefore,future work should address the mechanisms of attracting spiders into crop fields,thereby contributing to the bio-control of pests.     

甘南高寒草甸物种多样性与生产力的关系

利用甘南高寒草甸植物群落丰富度、多样性、生产力的抽样调查资料,分析了不同空间范围内物种多样性与生产力的关系,探讨了其形成机制.结果显示:丰富度、Shannon-Wiener α多样性指数、Simpson α多样性指数与生产力之问的关系在合作分站和玛曲分站均呈显著正相关,在玛曲县欧拉乡为不相关;Pielou α均匀度指数与生产力的关系在玛曲分站呈显著正相关,在合作分站和玛曲县欧拉乡均为不相关;Whittakerβ多样性指数与生产力的关系在合作分站和玛曲分站均呈负相关,在玛曲县欧拉乡为不相关.综合三个地区的数据分析表明:随着空间范围的扩大,丰富度、三种α多样性指数与生产力趋向于正相关关系,Whittakerβ多样性指数与生产力趋向于负相关关系.如果要改善甘南高寒草甸草场质量、提高草场生产力,那么不仅要保护物种多样性,还要提高物种空间分布的均匀性、减少环境异质性.     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区光叶珙桐群落物种多样性特征

用物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数（Pielou指数）对后河国家级自然保护区光叶珙桐群落物种多样性进行了测度．结果表明群落物种多样性有随海拔高度升高而降低趋势．在垂直结构上,从上到下,种类数和个体数呈增加之势．在不同层次之间,物种多样性差异主要表现在乔木层和草本层。整个群落物种多样性比较丰富．     

道路对若尔盖高寒草地植被的影响研究

对国道213线若尔盖高寒湿地花湖段道路周围的植被进行了调查,沿道路按照一定的景观格局,在道路两边设置垂直于道路的样线,沿样线在距离道路10m、50m和200m的地方设置样地.共布置样线19条,样地57个,测量样方130个.道路段地处亚高山草甸地带,主要植被类型是矮型嵩草和杂类草草甸.道路周围的植物群落根据聚类分析可分为8个群丛,其中85%的群落类型为长叶火绒草——长毛风毛菊——鹅绒委陵菜——小嵩草群落（Assoc.Lenotopodium-Saussurea-Potentilla-Kobresia）,7%为鹅绒委陵菜——平车前——二裂委陵菜群落（Assoc.Potentilla anserinc-Plantago——Potentilla bifurca）.施工区植物种类共计约110种,隶属于29科73属,未发现濒危物种存在.区系组成上,以北温带分布物种为主,占总数的55%,其次为世界分布物种,占25.7%,菊科、禾本科和毛茛科植物种类最多,占物种总数的36.8%.整个路段植物物种丰富度值为27.8±8.2,其中以牧民夏棚定居点附近的物种丰富度最低,其它地段较高;湿地物种丰富度中等;物种丰富度最高的出现在红星乡牧场.整个道路段附近植物多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数）为1.95±0.48,分布式样与丰富度类似.在红星乡冬牧场和花湖地段靠近道路的样地多样性指数最高,在湿地保护站以南道路段,多样性指数也基本上以道路边最高.物种丰富度并未表现出明显的梯度,显示出道路对植被的匀质化作用.土地使用（冬牧场和夏牧场）类型差异对植被类型和生物量有显著的影响.但是由于道路存在的时间较长以及放牧的存在使道路效应的表现不很明显.     

乌金山植物群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局

在乌金山适合地段沿海拔梯度设置11个样地,采用数量分类,对乌金山植物群落类型、物种组成和物种多样性的垂直分布格局进行调查.结果表明：（1）随着海拔的升高,森林群落依次为油松林、侧柏林、油松侧柏混交林、油松山桃山杏混交林、白皮松林、油松白皮松混交林.（2）11个样地中共调查到乔木13种,灌木16种,草本31种.（3）物种丰富度成明显的单峰分布格局,最大的丰富度出现在中海拔群落中.木本植物的物种丰富度随着海拔高度的增加而下降,草本植物的物种丰富度随着海拔高度的增加先增加后下降.（4）沿海拔梯度森林群落的最大树高、最大胸径、平均树高和平均胸径等群落结构均呈单峰分布格局.（5）α多样性沿海拔梯度变化趋势与物种丰富度相似,但没后者明显.β多样性随海拔的升高而有所降低,在低海拔较高.（6）在调查的海拔范围内,海拔梯度是影响植物群落分布的主要因子,坡度坡向为次要因子,海拔比坡度坡向对群落的结构特征、物种丰富度以及（α、β）多样性的影响更大,而在局部尺度上,人为干扰以及小地形导致的生境异质性对群落物种多样性有着重要影响.