On the Richness of the English Vocabulary

The English vocabulary is growing all the time. Along with the development of the human society, it also gets enriched as the time goes on. The present paper discusses the history, causes and ways of the richness of the English vocabulary.     

旅游干扰对南湾国家森林公园植物组成特征的影响

采用典型抽样法对南湾国家森林公园三个景点的旅游干扰地段和未干扰地段的植物组成进行调查,分析了干扰对植物类型及物种多样性的影响及其差异.结果表明:干扰造成乔、灌、草不同层次的植物种类减少,群落结构发生了变化,麻栎的重要值增加,在群落中处于优势种地位;园区植物的丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均为对照高于干扰,表明旅游干扰使园区的植物多样性降低,森林群落的稳定性出现了一定程度的下降.旅游活动的开展与园区生物多样性保护存在一定的冲突.     

河床底质对大型底栖动物多样性影响的野外试验

大型底栖动物是水生态系统的重要组分,通过野外试验研究了底质对底栖动物多样性及河流生态的影响。选取5种粒径、形状和糙度各不相同的均匀底质置换原河床底质,采样分析了底栖动物种类组成及密度。结果表明,底质的粒径、孔隙率和空隙大小对底栖动物群均有显著影响,外观形状和表面糙度对底栖动物组成和密度影响不大。底栖动物群在大卵石和片砾石中较稳定,物种丰度和密度在大卵石、片砾石和小卵石中较高,粗沙中较低,细沙中最低。     

一种基于分形技术的多层次细节视景仿真方法

作战仿真是作战方案实施前利用计算机模拟技术对其进行检验的一种重要手段,而视景生成主要是使仿真过程直观形象,增加可信度,是仿真过程中必不可少的应用技术。提出一种基于分形技术的多层次细节视景仿真方法。主要思想是利用LOD生成初始景观的三角形网格,然后用分形技术进一步对三角网格递归细分,解决了不同细节层次区域间的视觉过渡,最后经过视景渲染,生成逼真的三维视景。对其应用效果和性能评估表明,该方法能提高视景仿真系统的整体性能,具有一定的军事价值。     

小型浅水湖泊表层沉积物氨氧化古菌群落结构特征

为更深入地了解氨氧化古菌(AOA)在浅水湖泊表层沉积物中的分布特征,以淮河流域下游里下河地区浅水湖泊为研究对象,采用分子生物学和微生物学方法研究了该区域4个不同功能类型的浅水湖泊中的AOA群落结构。结果表明,里下河地区的浅水湖泊中存在AOA,为AOA的全球地理分布生境提供了重要补充。大纵湖湖心处表层沉积物中AOA的多样性和丰富度最高,AOA主要聚集于Group 1.1b和Group 1.1a,其中71.3%的序列属于Group 1.1b,28.7%的序列属于Group 1.1a。沉水植物的存在明显增加了Group 1.1b的丰富度,丰富的有机质有利于促进AOA的生长。得胜湖岸周边的工厂、采沙场、渔业养殖以及九龙口上游家畜类养殖影响了表层沉积物中的群落特征。     

湖南省木兰科植物资源及地理分布研究

通过野外调查、资源采集、标本鉴定和资料分析,研究了湖南省木兰科植物的资源状况及地理分布.结果表明:湖南省木兰科植物有6属39种(含1亚种,3变种),分别占国产属、种数54.5%、24.38%,全省47个县有分布,集中分布在湘南、湘西南、湘西北地区;垂直分布集中在海拔500~1 500 m范围内,水平分布中心在北纬28°~26°和东经108°47'~111°之间;湖南省与广东、广西的木兰科物种相似性系数分别为58.46%和55.42%,其次为贵州、江西和四川,与云南的相似性系数最低.     

Environmental humidity and leaf-litter depth affecting ecological parameters of a leaf-litter frog community in an Atlantic Rainforest area

We studied a leaf-litter frog community from an Atlantic Rainforest area in the state of Espírito Santo, south-eastern Brazil. Frogs were sampled using 4 × 4-m plots. We recorded 348 individuals from 13 species. The estimated overall density of leaf-litter frogs in the study area was 6.6 frogs/100 m² with an estimated overall frog biomass of 0.04 g/ha. Brachycephalus didactylus was the species with the highest estimated density and highest abundance. Five of the litter frog species recorded are considered endemic to the Atlantic Forest and two species are endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, including Euparkerella robusta, which is considered threatened as the result of habitat loss. The overall abundance of leaf litter was positively related to relative humidity and depth of the leaf litter. The relationship between frog body mass and frog abundance was significant, suggesting that a general biological trend in this relationship occurs in our study area.     

Spatial–temporal composition of Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) communities in southern Brazil

We examined the Chrysomelidae communities from representative sites of different ecosystems in Paraná State, Brazil, comparing their spatial and temporal changes. Sampling was undertaken using malaise traps at eight sites during a 2-year period. Chrysomelidae represented 19.1% of all the Coleoptera sampled, with a total of 7611 specimens and 465 species. Galerucinae was the most abundant and richest subfamily. Ponta Grossa was the most abundant site, São José dos Pinhais the richest, Fênix the poorest, Jundiaí do Sul the most uniform, and Antonina had the highest dominance of just a single species. Approximately 79% of the species were represented by fewer than 10 specimens and the 10 most abundant species represented 44.7% of all chrysomelids collected. None of the species were collected at all of the sites, but 325 were unique, reflecting the low similarity among sites. Sites with similar phytophysiognomies were more similar in terms of their Chrysomelidae species compositions. Similarities between years were slightly higher than similarities between sites.     

Mammals in a fragmented savannah landscape in south-western Brazil

Mammal abundance, richness, and community structure were examined in fragments of savannah and in gallery forests of south-western Brazil in order to assess the influence of fragment size and habitat on the communities. Five savannah fragments and two gallery forests were sampled. Within the savannah fragments, environmental parameters such as tree and shrub densities were measured. Live-traps and pitfalls were used for trapping small mammals; larger mammals were recorded from footprints and sightings. Seventeen species of small mammal and 15 species of large mammal were recorded. Small mammals were affected by fragment size and isolation, whereas larger mammals were not. Communities of small mammals were better structured in the largest fragments, and those in smaller fragments were subsets of the communities in larger fragments. Gallery forests revealed a rather different assemblage of mammals, but also contained species common to both gallery and large savannah remnants. Data are discussed relating mammal community structure to area size and vegetation structure, in an attempt to understand the present conservation status of this fragmented landscape.     

古尔班通古特沙漠种子大小对物种分布格局的影响

为了从种子层面了解种子大小对物种生存繁衍具有的适应意义，在古尔班通古特沙漠70个固定样地中采集了87种植物种子，通过测量种子大小，结合野外调查数据，分析了不同种子大小物种的丰富度与多度的空间格局。结果发现：1）古尔班通古特沙漠植物种子大小可分为：A（0．1mg％SM％1rag）、B（1mg％SM％10rag）、C（10mg〈SM％100mg）、D（100mg〈SM〈1000mg）、E（1000mg〈SM〈5000mg）5种类型；2）C型、D型、E型种子物种丰富度与总物种丰富度变化格局相同，随经度、海拔和年均降水的增加物种数目极显著增加，但随纬度增加物种数目极显著降低；3）C型、D型2类种子物种多度与总物种多度的变化格局相同，随经度、海拔和年均降水的增加物种多度极显著增加，但随纬度增加物种多度极显著降低，E型种子植物则相反。本研究证明不同种子大小对物种分布会产生不同的影响，其中大种子物种随降雨的增加优势度将降低，所以在未来的沙漠植物保护中要加大对梭梭、白梭梭、沙拐枣等大种子植物的保护力度。