崇明东滩湿地不同植物群落下沉积物中CO2和N2O的释放动态研究

湿地生态系统温室气体排放与植物群落之间的关系是近年来全球气候变化研究的热点。为揭示滨海湿地不同植物群落下沉积物中温室气体的释放规律,以崇明东滩为原型区域,采集光滩(无明显植物覆被)、互花米草、互花米草-芦苇共生及芦苇等4个采样带沉积物样品,观测CO₂和N₂O的释放特征。结果表明:互花米草、互花米草-芦苇、芦苇群落的沉积物中CO₂累积释放量(1 066～1 105 mg/kg)显著高于光滩((846±22)mg/kg),但3种植物群落之间并无显著差异(P<0.05)。结合CO₂累积释放量与沉积物中全氮含量(ω(TN))之间的显著正相关关系(P<0.05),可以认为,湿地沉积物全氮含量对CO₂释放的影响可能比植物群落大。相比较而言,芦苇群落下沉积物中N₂O累积释放量为(0.41±0.01)mg/kg,明显高于互花米草-芦苇群落的(0.32±0.01)mg/kg、互花米草群落的(0.23±0.01)mg/kg和光滩的(0.21±0.00)mg/kg。这表明,芦苇群落有利于沉积物中N₂O的产生或释放。未来对滨海湿地N₂O排放进行调控与评估过程中,芦苇及其生境的作用应当给予重点关注。     

碳氮比改变对崇明东滩湿地反硝化与硝态氮氨化的影响

【目的】分析自然和人为活动加速影响下沿海湿地土壤碳氮比变化对硝态氮还原过程的影响。【方法】以崇明东滩典型滨海湿地为例,采集4种不同覆被类型下沉积物样品,添加C₆H₁₂O₆或KNO₃溶液,使沉积物有机碳与硝态氮比例($C/NO_3^--N$)增大30%和减小30%,借助 ¹⁵N同位素稀释技术,研究反硝化(Den)与硝态氮氨化(DNRA)的变化特征。【结果】$C/NO_3^--N$的升高或降低均引起芦苇和互花米草覆被下沉积物Den和DNRA速率的显著下降(P<0.05)。芦苇覆被下Den速率从原土的10.1 μg/(kg·h)降至1.0~3.1 μg /(kg·h),互花米草覆被下Den速率从原土的3.4 μg /(kg·h)降至0.3~0.4 μg /(kg·h)。相比较而言,芦苇植被下DNRA速率从原土的21.9 μg /(kg·h)降至12.7~14.5 μg /(kg·h),互花米草覆被下从原土的42.6 μg /(kg·h)降至3.1~5.8 μg /(kg·h)。【结论】4种覆被下沉积物DNRA/Den值均大于1,表明DNRA是湿地硝态氮还原的主要途径。与$C/NO_3^--N$减小相比,$C/NO_3^--N$增大使$NO_3^--N$的还原更趋向DNRA过程。崇明东滩湿地$C/NO_3^--N$的波动(±30%)可能并不会导致沉积物N₂O排放的显著增加。     

Taxonomic revision of the seasonal killifish genus Nothobranchius from Zanzibar,East Africa (Cyprinodontoidei: Aplocheilidae)

Nothobranchius guentheri and Nothobranchius melanospilus, the two seasonal killifishes of the genus Nothobranchius occurring in Zanzibar Island, Tanzania, were involved in past taxonomical mistakes and are still misidentified in museum collections. A historical review is herein presented and both species are redescribed on the basis of type material and recent collections. Nothobranchius guentheri, a popular aquarium fish, is endemic to Zanzibar, and N. melanospilus, geographically widespread in East Africa, occurring both in Zanzibar and in continental river basins. These species are distinguished by a series of morphological features not previously reported in the literature, including pre-dorsal length and relative position of the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin skeletal support and vertebrae; number of gill-rakers of the first branchial arch, caudal-fin rays, scales of the longitudinal series, series of scales around caudal peduncle, and vertebrae; frontal squamation; and arrangement and number of neuromasts of the supraorbital series. The present taxonomic revision comprising N. guentheri and N. melanospilus, the oldest species names of the genus in the East African biodiversity hotspot, is important to improve the knowledge of the genus in a region where its taxonomy is still problematic     

Diversity of Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) in the historical and natural reserve ‘Martín García Island’, Argentina

From Martín García Island were collected 975 jumping spiders, from five environments, using beating net and manual sampling methods. Saitis variegatus Mello-Leitão, 1941 was the most abundant (24.62%). The sandy xerophilous forest had the highest species richness (23 morphospecies) and jungle showed the greatest spider abundance (n: 384). The sandy area was the least diverse and the last in relative abundance. Salticids represented 16% of the species recorded from Argentina, and the second largest family registered. The spider fauna found could be similar to that of the Southern Brasilian region, as occurs with scorpions. Two genera and two species are new records for Argentina. In addition, three new species of jumping spiders, as well as the discovery of the unknown male and female of two species, were registered. There was no record of cosmopolitan spiders or those with a large distribution range on the Island.     

Interaction between introduced rats and a frugivore bird-plant system in a relict island forest

The seed dispersal system formed by the fleshy-fruited shrub Viburnum tinus L. (Caprifoliaceae) and the bird Erithacus rubecula L. is known to occur in both the Mediterranean basin and the laurel forest of the Canary Islands. The latter is invaded by the ship rat Rattus rattus L. This situation allows (1) the comparison of oceanic island and mainland situations for the bird-plant interaction, and (2) quantification of the possible effects of an invading species on the plant, and thus on the whole seed dispersal system. Fruit removal by birds and rats was studied for V. tinus in a laurel forest of Tenerife during a fruiting season to assess patterns of disperser and predator's use of the plant. Fruits were persistent in time and spontaneous fruit loss rate was low. It was exploited by a reduced frugivorous community. Its fruits were dispersed almost exclusively by E. rubecula at extremely low rates, whereas R. rattus rapidly predated the bulk of the crops. Fruit removal by E. rubecula was influenced by vegetation structure and fruit crop size (higher removal rates from gaps or sparse and low canopy patches, and from larger fruit displays). Fruit predation by R. rattus was not related to microhabitat or individual plant traits. Fruit removal by R. rattus had no apparent influence on the pattern of bird frugivory. However, later in the fruiting season, heavy fruit depletion by rats restrained fruit availability for birds. The mainland (Mediterranean) V. tinus-E. rubecula dispersal system is strikingly different from this island counterpart in: (1) the virtual irrelevance of rodent seed predation, and (2) the comparatively high incidence of bird frugivory by the exclusive seed disperser, E. rubecula.     

The shore fishes of Trindade Island,western South Atlantic

Trindade Island (20°30'S, 29°20'W) is located approximately 620 nautical miles (1160km) off the eastern Brazilian coast. Due to its geographical isolation, its ichthyofauna arouses great biogeographic interest. This work intends to provide the first comprehensive checklist for the shore fishes of Trindade Island. Six expeditions were undertaken (1995, 1997, two in 1998, 1999 and 2000—in total 86 days of fieldwork) to survey the ichthyofauna from tidal pools to reefs 30 m deep. A checklist of 97 species belonging to 44 families is presented, with information on the ecology and geographical distribution of each species. The most representative families were the Carangidae (nine species), Serranidae (nine), Labridae (seven), Pomacentridae (five) and Muraenidae (five). Trindade is zoogeographically related to the western Atlantic, since 32% of its species are also found in the continental margin and 12.3% are shared with the western and central Atlantic. Nearly thirty-five percent of the shore fish fauna of Trindade are widespread pan-Atlantic warm-water species. Another 14.6% are restricted to the Brazilian Province. At least six endemic species (6.2%) were found: Malacoctenus sp. (Labrisomidae), Scartella sp., Entomacrodus sp. (Blenniidae), Arcos sp. (Gobiesocidae), Elacatinus sp. and Lythrypinus sp. (Gobiidae). This endemism level is lower than that found on the tropical mid-Atlantic Ridge islands of St. Helena (13.9%), Ascension (15.7%) and St. Paul's Rocks (12.1%).     

采用出行时空耦合的厦门岛城市旅游服务设施布局

以福建省厦门市厦门岛为研究区域,提取旅游服务设施的兴趣点(POI)数据,采用核密度估计法,分析厦门岛不同旅游服务设施空间布局.由于旅游住宿与旅游景区的空间布局较为吻合,研究选取旅游日(2019年5月1-4日)和工作日(2019年3月11-15日)的浮动车数据,通过缓冲区分析选取旅游住宿影响范围内的浮动车出发地-目的地(OD)数据,并进一步构建旅游住宿与游客出行时空的耦合度模型.结果表明:旅游服务设施(除交通枢纽外)在空间上表现为沿景区集聚;旅游住宿与餐饮的空间布局与旅游景区的布局基本吻合,购物中心、文化娱乐与交通枢纽的空间布局与旅游景区的布局存在差异;旅游日相比工作日耦合度的分布区域范围较广,耦合性较好的区域在旅游日主要集中在重要的交通枢纽及主要景区,部分景区可能存在旅游住宿供大于需的现象.     

基于LUCC的珠海淇澳岛生态系统服务功能价值动态评估

通过解译珠海淇澳岛地区1999、2003、2008、2013年高分辨率遥感图,得到该区15年来(19992013年)土地覆被变化（LUCC)情况：淇澳岛陆地总面积增加了约25%,其中林地面积增长了464 hm2;建设用地面积减少了396 hm2;裸地面积减少了27936 hm2;水域（鱼塘）面积减少了9745 hm2．对淇澳岛生态系统服务功能进行了多年的动态价值评估,得出该区4期生态系统服务功能价值分别为14904106、17246106、17107106、20735106元．表明淇澳岛生态系统服务功能价值巨大,且15年来总体呈不断上涨趋势;生态修复效果较为明显,其中林地在整个价值中所占的比重最大且不断增大,起到了决定性作用;以生态系统服务功能变化为指标监测海岛生态修复效果是一种有效的手段.淇澳岛省级自然保护区在红树林修复建设上取得了显著的效果,对珠海地区乃至珠三角地区的环境生态都产生了积极的影响．     

硇洲岛潮间带软体动物分布和区系研究

对硇洲岛的潮间带软体动物进行了采集调查,共鉴定软体动物148种（未包括头足纲）,分属51科,其中多板纲1科1种,腹足纲33科84种,瓣鳃纲17科63种。分析表明,其区系特点是以南海亚热带-热带种和东海、南海亚热带种为主要成分,且有部分热带种已发展成优势种。     

鼓浪屿建筑窗饰和地缘文化分析

以鼓浪屿历史文化为背景,基于岛上现有建筑的实地考察及相关资料的查阅、考证,以微观角度入手,从窗户的造型、结构、装饰符号以及文化内涵等几个方面剖析鼓浪屿窗式多样化的特征,挖掘其形式渊源及历史成因.由此,反映鼓浪屿殖民化时期的建筑风格、表现形式及设计理念.对人们认识和理解鼓浪屿建筑及其构件、研究和比较与之类似区域的外来建筑文化、并学习其设计思想和建造理念有所帮助,对建筑设计师在相关风格的建筑设计中起到一定的参考和借鉴作用.