DNA分子标记在真菌系统分类与鉴定中的应用

近年来分子生物学技术的发展,为从核酸分子水平上研究真菌的遗传本质,为真菌的进化研究、系统分类和鉴定开辟了新的途径.概述了几种主要的DNA分子标记的基本原理和特点,以及在真菌鉴定与分类中的应用.     

用改进的CTAB法提取香菇基因组DNA

通过用改进的CTAB法提取27个香菇菌株的基因组DNA,并分别用紫外、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR技术检测提取DNA样品的质量和产量,证明该方法可以用于香菇基因组DNA的提取,为香菇基因组DNA的提取建立了一种简单可靠的新方法.     

双链置换探针实时PCR用于DNA池的等位基因频率测定

结合荧光双链置换探针的特异性和实时PCR的准确定量能力,建立了一种新颖、准确、价廉且高通量的测定DNA池等位基因频率的方法.该方法采用不同荧光标记的双链置换探针1次PCR反应即可测定出等位基因频率.实验以β 地中海贫血CDs41 42( TCTT)突变为对象,分别用荧光染料FAM和ROX标记野生型和突变型探针,由实时PCR检测建立的等位基因浓度与循环阈值的响应曲线计算DNA池的等位基因频率.结果表明,建立的系列等位基因浓度与循环阈值呈线性关系,线性相关系数分别为0.9977(野生型等位基因)和0.9938(突变型等位基因),可检测的最低等位基因频率达1%,等位基因频率在1%～90%范围内测定误差小于4%.该方法可广泛用于流行病学调查、遗传连锁分析以及全基因组连锁不平衡扫描等领域.     

DFP技术的研究动态

综述了DNA指纹技术现阶段在动物和植物中的研究现状，对DNA指纹技术产生以来在人类遗传学、医学以及动物遗传育种领域中的应用作了详细的介绍，展望了DNA指纹技术的发展前景．     

DNA指纹技术的研究进展及应用

DNA指纹技术是分子生物学中的一种新技术．它是从分子水平区别不同种类生物之间以及同种生物之间差异的重要手段．它在法医学鉴定、物种起源进化研究、动植物及微生物DNA指纹资料库的建立、畜牧科学研究、癌症的研究、疾病的诊断、亲子鉴定等方面具有非常重要的应用．本文简要阐述DNA指纹技术的研究进展及其应用。     

不同破壁方法对活性污泥总DNA提取效果的影响

分别采用酶法、化学法、珠磨匀浆法和反复冻融法对活性污泥样品进行破壁，提取总DNA，并通过提取的核酸总量、纯度、片段分布情况、是否含有聚合酶链反应抑制剂以及基因间隔序列(ITS)扩增产物多态性等5个指标来评价不同的细胞破壁方法对活性污泥总DNA提取效果的影响。结果表明，化学法的优势最明显，提取的总量最多，大片段提取效果好，虽然杂质较多，但不影响聚合酶链反应，方法的偏倚性最小。     

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) based microchip for DNA electrophoresis

A novel poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) -based microchip for DNA separation through electrophoresis has been developed using a micro-electro-mechanical-system(MEMS) technology. Unlike previous hybrid PDMS microchip, one PDMS film is first created on glass support by pressing method in our microchip. Thus, increased band-broadening phenomena, arising from the material nonuniformity at the walls of microchannel, can be avoided in electrophoresis process. A low-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-100 (HPMC-100) is used as the separation medium for fluorescent intercalator-labeled double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments. Mannitol is introduced to PDMS-based microchip as a separation medium additive to enhance separation efficiency. At applied electric field strength of 150 V/cm, excellent separations of the PCR marker could be achieved with an effective separation distance of 25mm .     

基因组学与地球科学迅猛发展,古生物学进入纵深发展新时代——2017年古生物学热点回眸

 古生物学是以化石为主要研究对象,研究地质历史时期的生物界及其发展的科学,属于地球科学与生命科学之间的交叉学科。随着生命科学基因组学与地球系统科学的迅猛发展,古生物学这门古老学科进入了纵深发展的新时代,不断涌现振奋人心的研究进展与新发现。本文回顾了2017年国际古生物研究领域取得的重要进展与研究热点,并介绍了中国古生物学界2017年在早期生命、早期后口动物、古脊椎动物、古人类、古DNA以及演化古生物学等研究方向做出的重要贡献。     

Diversity and dispersal history of the talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) of Bermuda

Five taxa of talitrid amphipods were found in the archipelago of Bermuda, of which three were recorded there for the first time. Four of these are supralittoral wrack generalists: Platorchestia monodi BOLD:AAB3402, (a unique Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit according to the Barcode Index Number system), a related species recognized by molecular methods, Platorchestia platensis BOLD:AAA2949, Mexorchestia carpenteri carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491 and Tethorchestia antillensis; and one a terrestrial leaf-litter generalist: Talitroides alluaudi. A key is provided to discriminate between the formally described talitrids of Bermuda. Dispersal mechanisms from the American continent to Bermuda were considered for all taxa based on species distributions along the North American Atlantic coast and also investigated by molecular methods, using genetic population differentiation and haplotype network analysis based on the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. For P. monodi BOLD:AAB3402 the genetic results suggest that some dispersal events occurred before human colonization of Bermuda but are equivocal about the source population and therefore the direction of dispersal. Some very recent synanthropic dispersal is possible with this species. For the other two species studied genetically, P. platensis BOLD:AAA2949 and M. c. carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491, the small population samples analysed support dispersal to Bermuda from the American mainland, before human occupation of Bermuda, although the available sample size was limited for these species. The available limited direct, non-genetic evidence supports synanthropic transport for Talitroides alluaudi. Platorchestia monodi BOLD:AAB3402 is found in the same wrack habitat as P. platensis BOLD:AAA2949 on Bermuda, apparently without interbreeding. No evidence was found that driftwood specialist talitrids had become established in Bermuda.