轴向流吸附器内部流场特性

以轴向流吸附器内部流场为研究对象,采用CFD软件对其内部气体流动特性进行数值模拟.比较轴向流吸附器内无气体分布器、仅加装单一多孔板气体分布器、加装多孔板气体分布器与单级挡板相结合等3种方式对吸附器内部流场均匀分布的影响.未加装气体分布器的轴向流吸附器内部气流分布严重不均;仅加装单一多孔板气体分布器的轴向流吸附器内部流场的气体流动稍有改善,但气流分布仍不均匀;加装多孔板气体分布器与单级挡板相结合的方式,吸附器内部流场的气体流动得到明显改善.多孔板气体分布器与单级挡板组合使用时,保持气体分布器开孔率不变,开孔孔径为0.003 m时气流分布最为均匀,效果最好;保持开孔孔径不变,气体分布器的开孔率为0.388时气流分布最为均匀.     

Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon in soil extracts and leachates from a temperate forest stand and its relationship to ultraviolet absorbance

The amount and biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest floors can contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and the release of CO 2-C from soil to the atmosphere.There is only limited knowledge about the biodegradation of DOC in soil extracts and leachates due to the limitations inherent in degradation experiments.Differences in the biodegradation of DOC were studied in forest soil extracts using cold and hot water and 4 mmol/L CaCl 2 solution and in soil leachates sampled under different conditions over a wide range of DOC concentrations.From these results,we developed a simple and rapid method for determining the biodegradable organic C in forest floors.The hot water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts after CH 3 Cl fumigation contained higher concentrations of biodegradable organic C than the cold water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts before fumigation,with rapid DOC degradation occurring 24-48 h after incubation with an inoculum,followed by slow DOC degradation till 120-168 h into the incubation.During a 7-d incubation with an inoculum,the variation in DOC degradation in the different soil extracts was consistent with the change in special UV absorbance at 254 nm.Relatively higher levels of biodegradable organic C were detected in soil leachates from the forest canopy than in forest gaps between April and October 2008 (P <0.05).Relatively lower concentrations of DOC and biodegradable organic C were observed in soil leachates from N-fertilized plots during the growing season compared with the control,with the exception of the plot treated with KNO 3 at a rate of 45 kg N ha 1 a 1.Around 77.4% to 96.3% of the variability in the biodegradable organic C concentrations in the forest floors could be accounted for by the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm.Compared with the conventional inoculum incubation method,the method of analyzing UV absorbance at 254 nm is less time consuming and requires a much smaller sample volume.The results suggest that the regression models obtained using the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance can provide a rapid,simple and reliable method for determining the biodegradable organic C content,especially in field studies involving relatively large numbers of samples.     

密云水库浮游动物多样性格局

对密云水库6个代表性生境的浮游动物做了每月一次的采样调查.记录到浮游动物106种(新记录39种),其中清洁水和贫营养指示种增多.春季的螺形龟甲轮虫、夏季的长额象鼻溞优势明显,秋、冬季无明显优势种.物种数、个体密度和物种多样性均表现为夏季高而冬春季低的规律.单月物种数最高58种(8月),最低16种(5月).个体密度变动于21.93～149.53 ind/L,年均74.88 ind/L±39.97(S.D.).物种多样性(H)变动于0.97～2.91,年均2.06±0.74;均匀度(J)变动于0.30～0.74之间,年均0.60±0.16.各月份物种数、个体密度和物种多样性都以浅水区最高、河口区次之、深水区最低,但位点间差异不显著.多元线性回归结果显示密云水库浮游动物物种多样性特征受水温和溶解氧影响显著(F=72.94,P=0.001),与其它水环境参数相关不大.浮游动物群落结构的稳定性和演替趋势表明水库水质状况良好,富营养化因子未对水库生态系统产生健康威胁.     

基于深腾7000系统的大规模CFD并行计算

从基本流动控制方程及数值离散、多重网格、并行算法等方面详细阐述了混合网格框架下计算流体力学软件的基本原理,提出了采用三重嵌套循环结构在时间推进格式中实现多重网格加速及并行计算技术的主流程设计方案;同时给出了高精度混合网格并行计算软件在深腾7000系统上的大规模并行测试结果以及在某型民用飞机高升力流场数值模拟中的应用.结果表明:此高精度混合网格并行计算软件在采用千万网格点规模的大型飞机高升力复杂流场计算时,不仅计算结果与实验结果符合较好,且在2 048核并行计算时仍具有很好的并行可扩展性,计算效率不低于80%.     

户外小型智能移动机器人运动轨迹跟踪控制

该文根据户外小型智能移动机器人的应用特点研究了轨迹跟踪控制。基于机器人的动力学模型，利用后退方法的思想，设计了全局收敛的稳定可靠的跟踪控制律，提高了移动机器人在不确定性环境中工作的鲁棒性，比基于运动学模型设计的控制律更加适宜于工程应用，经仿真计算，验证了该控制方法的正确性，为户外小型智能移动机器人轨迹跟踪的实用控制方法提供了理论依据。     

基于动态滑模控制的移动机械臂输出跟踪控制

为实现移动机械臂的输出跟踪控制,设计了一种动态滑模控制器．文中首先给出了包括驱动电机动态特性的移动机械臂简化动态模型,然后通过微分同胚和非线性输入变换将系统分解为4个低阶子系统,并给出了用于移动机械臂输出跟踪的动态滑模控制器的设计方法．仿真结果表明,所设计的动态滑模控制器不仅能很好地跟踪给定轨迹,而且能有效地削弱滑模控制系统的抖振．     

分子动力学模拟方法及其应用

本文阐述了分子动力学模拟的原理,清楚地解释了力场、牛顿运动方程及其数值解法、系综、周期性边界条件、积分步长等基本概念.分析和总结了分子动力学模拟的功能、特点和应用,特别是在材料科中的应用情况进行了简要概述.     

小型汽车制动能量再生系统参数建模及仿真

针对一种型号的小型汽车制动能量再生系统, 进行了制动减速和起步加速过程相关参数建模,利用Matlab软件对此车制动能量回收及能量释放过程的车辆速度、加速度、液压蓄能器气囊压力、体积进行了仿真.通过对仿真结果的分析,得出的结论为:在制动减速过程,所选择的蓄能器能满足制动减速过程吸收完制动能量的要求;在起步加速过程,该蓄能器利用所储存的能量能够使该小型汽车起步加速到一定车速,从而满足车辆倒拖发动机,使发动机高速自行起动的要求.     

基于Hotelling模型促销活动策略采取的进化博弈分析

传统的Hotelling模型中,交通成本用于比拟消费者购物时发生的负效用.在现实经济生活中,商家会采取促销活动策略,以增强自家商品对他家商品的替代性,抵消消费者购物时发生的负效用.构造了一个可以由商家选择支付交通成本、商品降价空间受指导价约束的Hotelling模型,以商家提供免费购物车的方式,比拟现实生活中商家采取的多种促销活动,研究了原有的交通成本转移到商家后,对商家的销量、价格和利润的影响,以及竞争商家可能的应对.进而以进化博弈论为工具,研究了商家采用各项策略的进化稳定性.结果表明:为获取长远利益,商家采取促销活动策略,以及竞争商家的应对策略,都应结合需求、竞争、指导价水平、商品价格、促销成本等多种因素综合考虑.     

Participatory Sustainability Impact Assessment: Scientific Policy Advice as a Social Learning Process

This paper deals with the development of scientific policy advice by providing a methodology to foster a social learning process. The methodology, called participatory Sustainability Impact Assessment (pSIA), aims to structure complex problem situations, to clarify interests and basic assumptions, to interpret scientific studies, to develop impact assessment, and to explore sensitivity of uncertainty and lack of information. In pSIA workshops the participants are supposed to build conceptual models with different modelling methods, like System Dynamics, Value Chain Analysis, and Morphological Analysis. A case study is presented that describes a workshop series with political as well as academic actors, applying the pSIA approach to an impact assessment of Economic Partnership Agreements between the European Union and the Eastern and Southern Africa Region.