农业用地的空时积和空时利用指数

复种指数(全年农作物播种总面积与总耕地面积之比)虽然概念清楚,但代表意义不明确,人们难以根据复种指数的高低确切地比较土地利用的充分程度。作者认为,农业土地资源的完整内涵应是农业土地面积和一年中土地可供作物生长的生长期长度之积,而作物在农业生产中占用的土地资源量应是作物占用的土地面积和占用的生长期长度之积。因而提出用“土地空时积”和“土地空时利用指数”,作为农业土地资源量和土地利用程度的度量指标,并讨论了这两个术语的扩展应用问题。     

Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China

Emissions resulting from crop straw field burning in China, which have caused serious environmental problems in China, are estimated in this paper. From the county-level data of crop production in 2000-2003 from the government statistics, taking into account the ratio of residue and grain, the total amount of crop straw production is estimated to be about 600 Tg per year, 76% of which are rice, wheat and corn straw. With reference to the data of living standards, the percentage of crop straw burnt in fields for counties are obtained and consequently the total amount of burnt straws is approximately 140 Tg/year. With the emission factors from literature and experiments, appropriate emission factors have been obtained. The total amounts of PM, SO2, NOx3, NH3, CH4, BC, OC, VOC, CO, CO2 emissions from field burning of crop straw in China are estimated. All emissions are presented at county level. Some pollutants, such as BC, VOC, OC, CO and CO2, are contributing a major portion to the total emissions of China. This paper uses a map with resolution of 0.2°×0.2°to present the PM emissions distribution from crop straw burnt in 2003. The results show a significant regional unevenness of emissions, with larger amounts of pollutions coming from the provinces in eastern and northeast China. The regions with higher emissions per unit area are located as a belt stretching from northeast China to eastern China.     

A brief survey of computerized expert systems for crop protection being used in India

In the recent years, a plethora of computerized expert systems has been developed for various sectors of agriculture in India. The availability of low cost computers, agricultural knowledge and information technology professionals are the principal reasons for the development of so many agricultural expert systems. Among all agricultural expert systems, the expert systems for crop protection need special mention. These expert systems are meant to be used by farmers and other persons without much experience of using computers. Hence, special care must be taken while developing them. The current paper develops a taxonomy for the expert systems for crop protection and briefly discusses four such expert systems for crop protection being used in India.     

神经网络在病虫害诊断中的应用

介绍了一种使用人工神经网络的典型模型一ＢＰ算法构造了棉花病虫害学习和诊断系统。系统性能测试结果表明该网络不仅能１００％正确诊断已学样本,而且对未学样本也能以６０％以上的正确率进行诊断,同时系统还有较强的容错和抗干扰能力。     

基于低秩矩阵恢复的作物器官自动提取方法

为了解决精准农业中作物器官的自动提取问题, 以玉米雄穗为例, 提出一种基于低秩矩阵恢复的作物器官自动提取方法。 作物生长图像是由背景和器官两大元素组成, 在图像特征空间则表现为一个低秩矩阵和一个稀疏矩阵之和。 利用低秩矩阵恢复算法求解代表器官的稀疏矩阵。 为了保证恢复时背景是低秩的, 利用作物生长历史数据, 学习最佳的转换矩阵。 最后, 利用动态阈值分割以及色度鄄亮度查找表完成器官的准确提取。实验结果表明, 该方法取得了93. 9%的最高性能值和2. 86%的最低标准差, 在多品种、 实际农田复杂环境下能获得更好的提取结果。     

几种参考作物蒸散量计算方法的比较

对FAO—Penman—Monteith公式、Hargreaves公式、Priestley—Taylor公式、FAO-17Pen—man公式进行比较,应用这4种方法计算了河北省石家庄市的参考作物蒸散量。计算结果表明：FAO-17 Penman公式与Penman-Monteith公式具有很好的一致性,可代替Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量;Hargreaves公式与Penman-Monteith公式相比,其相关性并不显著,使用时需要进行修正;而Priestley—Taylor公式的计算值与FAO-Penman—Monteith公式的计算值相比,差异较为显著,是由于Priestley-Taylor公式没有考虑空气动力项对参考作物蒸散量的影响。因此,在使用Priestley—Taylor公式计算参考作物蒸散量时必须根据不同月份对公式中的常数项重新进行修正。     

南充市主要作物品种演变及其原因探讨

通过分析南充市各县区7种主要作物品种在各个时期的种类及其演变过程,总结了作物品种演变的规律,并探讨了演变的原因,结果表明：主要作物品种均经历了从地方品种到杂交品种的变化,品种的抗性增强,产量增加。     

一种基于轮廓查找的作物定位点提取算法研究

针对垂直投影法在作物行中心线检测时存在误差大的问题,提出一种新的基于轮廓查找的作物定位点提取算法。首先对农田图像预处理得到的灰度图像,通过垂直投影变换得到中心作物行所在列,然后对灰度图像进行条形分割,在每个条形图中寻找作物轮廓,保留与中心列最接近的轮廓并将该轮廓转换为矩形区域,矩形重心即为定位点。最后运用最小二乘法拟合定位点。仿真结果表明该算法较垂直投影法准确率高。     

建设作物科学实验教学中心的实践与探索

文中从田间实验教学基地建设,多媒体课件的应用,实验室标本建设,对外开放实验室等几个方面进行了研究与探索,体现了教学、科研、生产相结合实验教学新模式。目的是培养学生的自主创新能力,理论与实践相结合的能力,树立学生的自信心,为现代化农业培养高素质,复合型的作物科学专业人才。     

农作物品种查新的方法与策略

讨论了在农作物品种查新检索中需注意的一些问题，如：地域性、可比性、综合性、育种方法等，根据查新实践，提出了农作物品种查新中应采取的一些检索策略和表述方法。