科技强国的典型特征及其分析

 建设科技强国是当前中国的国家战略,“2049年成为世界科技强国”也已成为中国重要的发展目标。准确把握科技强国的特征,有利于发现目前存在的不足,聚焦发展的重点。科技强国是“科技能力（潜力）与科技成果”“科技硬实力与科技软实力（影响力）”“认识论、方法论及实践论”等多层次要素的有机结合,只有从科研能力、科技创新能力、科技发展范式、科技产品及工程的水平、科技标准制定、科技在国内外的影响力等多个角度着手,才能相对科学地把握科技强国的典型特征。     

冻融循环下含裂隙类岩石冻胀力的力学模型及实验研究

以水泥砂浆类岩石材料为研究对象,结合弹性力学、断裂力学和流体力学相关理论,推导出体积膨胀机制作用下多孔岩石冻胀力计算的理论模型,得出冻胀力和体积模量之间呈正相关的增长方式;对经过冻融循环的含裂隙试件进行单轴压缩实验,分析冻胀力对不同角度裂隙试件的影响,发现冻胀力对0°试件的峰值强度影响最明显,随着裂隙倾角的增加,冻胀力对裂隙试件的峰值强度的影响逐渐减弱。该研究为岩体裂隙中冻胀力的求解提供了一个确切的模型,并通过实验验证了冻胀力模型的可行性,为以后研究裂隙中冻胀力的大小提供了理论依据。     

Effect of cold rolling process on microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength β titanium alloy thin sheets

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-3.5Al-5Mo-6V-3Cr-2Sn-0.5Fe high strength titanium alloy sheets prepared by unidirectional cold rolling and two-step cross cold rolling were investigated. Results showed that the β phase grains were refined significantly by cold rolling followed by solution treatment for a short time.Compared to unidirectional cold rolling, the short time solution treatment after two-step cross rolling could significantly reduce the non-uniformity of the microstructure of the alloy sheets. After aging treatment at 550 ℃,the anisotropy of the mechanical properties still existed in the unidirectional rolled sheets, and the tensile strength was highest along the rolling direction. After solution and aging treatment, the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of the two-step cross rolling process sheet was not obvious than unidirectional cold rolling,and alloy had good strength and plasticity matching.     

围压效应对钙泥质胶结砂岩强度和变形的影响

针对西部地区侏罗系砂岩成岩年代新、胶结程度较差,以及煤矿高强度开采的特点,开展恒定围压下三轴压缩实验,不同速率卸围压,以及单块多级加载实验,研究围压路径变化效应对钙泥质胶结砂岩强度和变形特征的影响.实验表明:西部中粒砂岩峰值强度、残余强度、峰值应变、弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数均对围压依赖性较强,且由于其钙泥质胶结的细观特性使其黏聚力、内摩擦角相比其他地区、其他年代的砂岩较低.随着围压的增大,试件由简单平整破裂面向复杂非平整多破裂面破裂模式转化.变围压加载过程中,围压的变化对砂岩的承载能力和变性特征影响显著,围压主要通过束缚试件横向变形和裂纹扩展,以及增大内部摩擦的方式影响岩体的力学特征,围压卸载和加载对岩体力学参数的影响规律可为采场推进速度优化和围岩支护分析提供一定的参考.     

基于可拓理论的边坡强度指标

基于可拓理论,从3个层次5个指标建立了边坡稳定性评价指标体系,研究了内摩擦角和黏聚力对边坡稳定性的影响,给出了抗剪强度参数与安全系数之间的数量关系.研究结果表明:随内摩擦角和黏聚力的增大安全系数呈线性增大,且内摩擦角对安全系数的敏感性明显大于黏聚力对安全系数的敏感性.最后,基于安全、经济、高效的原则,采用锚杆措施对辽宁省小盘岭边坡进行加固处理.     

基于路用性能的石灰-钢渣稳定土试验分析

基于路用性能设计正交试验,研究了影响石灰-钢渣稳定土抗压强度的4种因素.结果表明,对于石灰-钢渣稳定土初期抗压强度,石灰含量影响最大,钢渣影响较小;但对于其后期抗压强度,钢渣掺量的影响明显增强,且钢渣粒径大小对后期强度增长速率的影响较大.试验结果对比发现,石灰-钢渣稳定土具有较高的无侧限抗压强度和加州承载比,满足《公路路基设计规范》(JTG D30-2015)和《公路路面基层施工技术细则》(JTG/T F20-2015)的要求,表明可以使用钢渣代替部分石灰或水泥应用于高速公路路床填料.     

Studies on induction hardening of powder-metallurgy-processed Fe-Cr/Mo alloys

Induction hardening of dense Fe-Cr/Mo alloys processed via the powder-metallurgy route was studied. The Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo, Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo, and Fe-0.85Mo pre-alloyed powders were mixed with 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 0.8wt% C and compacted at 500, 600, and 700 MPa, respectively. The compacts were sintered at 1473 K for 1 h and then cooled at 6 K/min. Ferrite with pearlite was mostly observed in the sintered alloys with 0.4wt% C, whereas a carbide network was also present in the alloys with 0.8wt% C. Graphite at prior particle boundaries led to deterioration of the mechanical properties of alloys with 0.8wt% C, whereas no significant induction hardening was achieved in alloys with 0.4wt% C. Among the investigated samples, alloys with 0.6wt% C exhibited the highest strength and ductility and were found to be suitable for induction hardening. The hardening was carried out at a frequency of 2.0 kHz for 2-3 s. A case depth of 2.5 mm was achieved while maintaining the bulk (interior) hardness of approximately HV 230. A martensitic structure was observed on the outer periphery of the samples. The hardness varied from HV 600 to HV 375 from the sample surface to the interior of the case hardened region. The best combination of properties and hardening depth was achieved in case of the Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo alloy with 0.6wt% C.     

Z-164D溶液对铝土矿强度的影响及其作用机理

以Z-164D为助磨剂，对广西田阳铝土矿进行了邦德球磨功指数试验和单轴抗压强度试验.结果表明:铝土矿经水和Z-164D溶液浸泡后，邦德球磨功指数分别下降了105%和379%，单轴抗压强度分别下降了2684%和4279%.红外光谱分析及X射线能谱微区元素分析表明，Z-164D只能在铝土矿表面发生物理和化学吸附，并不能够渗入铝土矿内部.建立了Z-164D溶液对铝土矿强度影响的作用机理模型，水分子与Z-164D相互促进，共同导致铝土矿缺陷程度增加、强度降低.     

陶瓷细骨料替代方式对混凝土抗压强度的影响

为了提高废弃陶瓷在混凝土中的利用率，将废弃陶瓷破碎、筛分加工成人工细骨料，按不同比例(10%，20%，30%，40%及50%)，且分别采用“C”替代法(即传统替代方式，要求陶瓷细骨料细度模数与天然河砂细度模数相近即可，等质量取代)、“P”替代法(陶瓷细骨料一对一平均替代对应的不同粒径的天然河砂)、“D”替代法(陶瓷细骨料一对一且仅替代粒径为1.18，2.36和4.75mm粒径相对较大的天然河砂)及“X”替代法(陶瓷细骨料一对一且仅替代粒径为0.15，0.3和0.6mm粒径相对较小的天然河砂)取代天然河砂，制备陶瓷细骨料混凝土.共设计21组混凝土，包括基准混凝土1组，“C”，“P”，“D”及“X”替代法各5组.水胶比均为0.49，进行混凝土28d的抗压强度试验.结果表明:在水胶比为0.49的条件下，陶瓷细骨料掺量不大于50%时，陶瓷细骨料混凝土抗压强度和基准混凝土为同一强度等级，均到达C30强度等级要求；不同的替代方式，对应的陶瓷细骨料最佳掺量不同；不同的陶瓷细骨料掺量，对应的最优替代方式不同.     

Reliability Analysis Based on a Nonlinear Fatigue Damage Accumulation Model

A modified nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model based on the Manson-Halford theory was presented,and the new model was developed for fatigue life prediction under constant and variable amplitude loading, which took the effects of the load interactions and the phenomenon of material＇s strength degradation into account. The experimental data of the 30 Cr Mn Si A and the LY-12 cz from literature were used to verify the proposed model. And from the good agreement between the experimental data and predicted results,we can see it clear that the proposed method can be applied to predicting fatigue life under different loadings.