Repertoires: A post-Kuhnian perspective on scientific change and collaborative research

We propose a framework to describe, analyze, and explain the conditions under which scientific communities organize themselves to do research, particularly within large-scale, multidisciplinary projects. The framework centers on the notion of a research repertoire, which encompasses well-aligned assemblages of the skills, behaviors, and material, social, and epistemic components that a group may use to practice certain kinds of science, and whose enactment affects the methods and results of research. This account provides an alternative to the idea of Kuhnian paradigms for understanding scientific change in the following ways: (1) it does not frame change as primarily generated and shaped by theoretical developments, but rather takes account of administrative, material, technological, and institutional innovations that contribute to change and explicitly questions whether and how such innovations accompany, underpin, and/or undercut theoretical shifts; (2) it thus allows for tracking of the organization, continuity, and coherence in research practices which Kuhn characterized as ‘normal science’ without relying on the occurrence of paradigmatic shifts and revolutions to be able to identify relevant components; and (3) it requires particular attention be paid to the performative aspects of science, whose study Kuhn pioneered but which he did not extensively conceptualize. We provide a detailed characterization of repertoires and discuss their relationship with communities, disciplines, and other forms of collaborative activities within science, building on an analysis of historical episodes and contemporary developments in the life sciences, as well as cases drawn from social and historical studies of physics, psychology, and medicine.     

Judgement aggregation in scientific collaborations: The case for waiving expertise

The fragmentation of academic disciplines forces individuals to specialise. In doing so, they become experts over their narrow area of research. However, ambitious scientific projects, such as the search for gravitational waves, require them to come together and collaborate across disciplinary borders. How should scientists with expertise in different disciplines treat each others’ expert claims? An intuitive answer is that the collaboration should defer to the opinions of experts. In this paper we show that under certain seemingly innocuous assumptions, this intuitive answer gives rise to an impossibility result when it comes to aggregating the beliefs of experts to deliver the beliefs of a collaboration as a whole. We then argue that when experts’ beliefs come into conflict, they should waive their expert status.     

The evolution of BioBike: Community adaptation of a biocomputing platform

Programming languages are, at the same time, instruments and communicative artifacts that evolve rapidly through use. In this paper I describe an online computing platform called BioBike. BioBike is a trading zone where biologists and programmers collaborate in the development of an extended vocabulary and functionality for computational genomics. In the course of this work they develop interactional expertise with one another’s domains. The extended BioBike vocabulary operates on two planes: as a working programming language, and as a pidgin in the conversation between the biologists and engineers. The flexibility that permits this community to dynamically extend BioBike’s working vocabulary—to form new pidgins—makes BioBike unique among computational tools, which usually are not themselves adapted through the collaborations that they facilitate. Thus BioBike is itself a crucial feature—which it is tempting to refer to as a participant—in the developing interaction.     

一种改进的和声搜索算法及其应用

为了克服和声搜索算法(Harmony Search Algorithm,HSA)方向性差和收敛速度慢的缺陷,提出一种新的和声搜索算法。新算法设置一个主种群和多个子种群,主种群和子种群分别采用全局差分HSA和局部差分HSA进行优化,所有种群通过排序循环划分方法进行协同优化。随机3—SAT测试实例和三个典型Benchmark函数上的实验表明,新算法是可行的、有效的。     

Reflection-in-and-on-Action in Participatory Action Research: Toward Assessment <Emphasis Type="Italic">for </Emphasis>Learning

This article is about the use of oral assessment for learning and was based on a reflection-in-and-on-action approach within a participatory action research framework. The purpose of this paper was to argue for the incorporation of oral assessment in tertiary science as a fair, reliable and valid approach to assessment. This study found that the interactive nature of the oral assessments led to improved learning of content for learners from their peers and assessors. Assessors too learnt about their students as individuals, their study habits and critiqued their teaching from the oral assessments. They also learned from their co-assessors. Valuable lessons were learned for collaborative team teaching and assessing for the benefit of assessors and learners alike. This study also found that action research afforded the assessors a new way of doing things empowering them to conduct research in their own classrooms, with their colleagues and their learners.     

产学研相结合的化学学科人才培养模式探索

介绍了目前国内外产学研合作教育的几种人才培养模式,提出在产学研相结合的化学学科人才培养过程中,高校与科研院所、企业之间应通过协调运作,从培养方案、师资队伍、教研平台等方面入手,培养符合企业要求的专门人才。     

工学结合模式下高职院校“校中企”合作研究

各类高职院校都在积极探索各具特色的工学结合人才培养模式,以校企合作为平台加强专业实践教学已经成为高等职业教育的趋势,＂校中企＂就是一种校企合作的创新形式。在＂校中企＂合作中主要存在校企合作定位、企业管理团队力量薄弱、学生心态波动性大等突出问题,需要学校、企业和学生三方共同形成合力从明确合作定位、提升企业团队管理水平、调整实习心态等方面来化解。     

高效多级孔共结晶分子筛催化材料创制和工业应用

本项目根据国家和行业关键科技需求,发明了系列原创性共结晶分子筛材料,开发成功系列特定功能导向的高效催化剂及成套技术,突破制约行业发展的诸多关键技术瓶颈,成功应用于醛氨合成吡啶、液化气芳构化以及低碳烃与轻芳烃烷基化生产高品质清洁汽油等多个工业过程,创造显著效益。本文介绍了中国科学院大连化学物理研究所通过产学研合作,在科技创新、成果转化和支撑发展方面的举措。     

科研合作研究综述

科学的综合性和复杂性迫使科学家逐渐放弃了原有的单兵作战模式,合作趋势日渐明朗化,并迅速成为科研活动的主流。从科研合作的动机、影响因素、影响效果和模式4个方面进行回顾和总结,以期发现科研合作活动的规律,为提高我国科研合作水平提供借鉴。