植物颗粒剂对蜗牛和蛞蝓诱杀作用初报

利用药用植物的粉碎物配合对蜗牛和蛞蝓有引诱作用的食物引诱素及成型剂等原料制成的植物颗粒剂在室内和菜地进行诱杀实验，结果表明：植物颗粒剂对蜗牛和蛞蝓都有较强的诱杀效果，防效分别达到83．4％和67．8％，显示了一定的实用性。植物颗粒杀虫剂对环境无污染，对人畜及害虫天敌无毒害，是一种新型的低毒植物源农药。     

福州市郊分棘四棱线虫病的流行情况与中间宿主

本文报道分棘四棱线虫两种新的中间宿主：介形虫和蚤蝇，确定了介形虫为福州市郊分棘四棱线虫病的主要传播媒介，通过剖检得出，麻鸭、半番鸭的感染率达５３．２％和１１．１％，平均感染强度分别为３８．１只和１０．７只，文中从流行病学的角度探讨了该病的控制方法。     

拉恩氏菌LRP3诱导形成碱式磷酸锌沉淀及其在Zn污染土壤修复中的作用

采用批式和土壤培养实验考察拉恩氏菌LRP3对Zn的磷酸盐矿物诱导及其在Zn污染土壤修复中的作用, 并进行X射线衍射、 扫描电子显微镜、 能谱及Fourier变换红外光谱分析. 结果表明, 菌株LRP3对Zn²⁺的最大耐受质量浓度为120 mg/L; 对溶液中Zn²⁺的去除率为菌体细胞（97.4%）>发酵液（88.2%）>无菌发酵液（81.6%）; 菌株LRP3的发酵液可通过生物矿化作用诱导形成结晶良好的立方体状Zn₂(OH)PO₃矿物晶体; 菌株LRP3的发酵液加入土壤后可快速降低DTPA-Zn的质量比, 培养5 d后DTPA-Zn的质量比平均下降784%, 培养6 d后土壤中Zn的弱酸提取态和可氧化态的质量比分别下降72.5%和562%, 可还原态和残渣态的质量比分别增加85.1%和14.8%. 因此, 菌株LRP3对Zn²⁺具有较强的抗性和吸附能力, 可通过降解植酸释放磷酸根, 进一步诱导形成碱式磷酸锌矿物晶体, 从而降低土壤中Zn的生物有效性, 可用于Zn污染土壤的绿色可持续修复.     

Luffolide,a novel anti-inflammatory terpene from the spongeLuffariella sp.

Summary Luffolide (4) is a minor metabolite of the spongeLuffariella sp. from Palau. The structure of luffolide was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Luffolide is relatively unstable and undergoes a complex cyclization reaction to give the hexacyclic products5 and6. Luffolide (4) has some of the anti-inflammatory properties of manoalide (1): this may help to define the chemical reaction between manoalide (1) and phospholipase A₂.All crystallographic calculations were done on a PRIME 9950 computer operated by the Cornell Chemistry Computing Facility. Principal programs employed were: FOBS, a data reduction program by G.D. Van Duyne, Cornell University, 1987; MULTAN 80, and RANTAN 80, systems of computer programs for the automatic solution of crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data (locally modified to perform all Fourier calculations including Patterson syntheses) written by P. Main, S. E. Hull, L. Lessinger, G. Germain, J. P. Declercq and M. M. Woolfson, University of York, England, 1980 BDLS, an, anisotropic block diagonal least squares refinement written by K. Hirotsu, E. Arnold, and G. D. Van Duyne, Cornell University, 1987; PLUTO 78, a locally modified crystallographic illustration program by W. D. S. Motherwell, Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 1978; and BOND, a program to calculate molecular parameters and prepare tables written by K. Hirotsu and G. Van Duyne, Cornell University, 1985.Acknowledgment. We thank the Government of the Republic of Palau for a scientific research permit. We thank Dr Klaus Rützler, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. for identifying the sponge and Mary Kay Harper for performing additional bioassays. This research was supported by grants from the Sea Grant College Programs of California [Projects R/MP-30 to DJF) and R/MP-31 (to RSJ)] and New York (to JC) and the National Institutes of Health (CA 24487 to JC).     

2,3-Dihydrolinderazulene,a new bioactive azulene pigment from the gorgonianAcalycigorgia sp.

Summary A new azulene pigment, 2,3-dihydrolinderazulene, has been isolated along with guaiazulene and linderazulene as bioactive metabolites from the gorgonianAcalycigorgia sp.     

产普鲁兰降解酶菌株的分离筛选及酶学特性的研究

普鲁兰降解酶(pullulan degrading enzymes)能够专一水解普鲁兰多糖α-1,6-糖苷键以及特定位置的α-1,4-糖苷键,在工业、食品业、医疗保健等行业中具有重要的应用意义.本研究采用唯一碳源法从稻田土样中培养筛选到21株产普鲁兰降解酶的菌株.对菌株A1的鉴定及其产生的普鲁兰降解酶的分析表明,该菌株为气单胞菌属,其产生的酶属于Ⅰ型普鲁兰酶(Type I pullulanase,EC 3.2.1.41),专一水解普鲁兰多糖α-1,6-糖苷键.该酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为6.0,具有良好的温度稳定性和适应性;同时在pH为4.0时仍然保留50%的酶活.进一步对A1菌株产酶的发酵条件(pH、温度、时间)进行了优化,摇瓶中A1分泌表达Ⅰ型普鲁兰酶的水平达到21.2 U/mL.根据已报道的气单胞菌属普鲁兰酶基因的保守序列设计引物,克隆获得了4 053 bp的A1普鲁兰酶基因pluA1全长序列,编码1351个氨基酸.本研究结果为该酶的开发应用奠定了基础.     

生物表面活性剂生产菌株培养条件优化的研究

对生物表面活性剂生产菌W2的培养条件进行研究,以获得最佳的菌株生长条件和最佳的产生物表面活性剂条件.结果表明:W2产生物表面活性剂的最佳培养基成分(g/L)为葡萄糖40.0,NaNO32.67,K2HPO41.0,KH2PO40.5,KCl 0.1,MgSO40.5,CaCl20.01,FeSO4.7H2O0.01,酵母提取物0.1.W2产生物表面活性剂的培养基最适宜pH=6.5,接种量为1%,最适温度为30℃.针对其产生物表面活性剂和菌体生长的关系,将分段培养工艺应用于W2产生物表面活性剂中,即在培养的初期24h内采用菌体生长最佳培养条件,在培养后期采用菌体产生物表面活性剂的最佳培养条件.     

Effects of five heavy metals at sub-lethal concentrations on the growth and photosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris

The impact of sub-lethal concentrations(0.05,0.5,5 μmol L 1) of the heavy metals copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),zinc(Zn),cadmium(Cd) and lead(Pb) on the growth and photosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris was studied during 96 h exposure experiments.The results showed that the effects of these five metals on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris were dependent on both concentration and exposure time.It was found that 5 μmol L 1 treatments of Cu,Cr,Zn,Cd and Pb significantly inhibited the growth of Chlorella vulgaris,and the effect became weaker with an increase in exposure duration.Different effects on chlorophyll fluorescence were found for different metals,with Cu and Cr having an inhibiting effect and Zn and Cd having a promoting effect.The effects of heavy metals upon the growth and photosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris were independent of each other and not causally related.     

近十年海洋来源木霉属真菌次生代谢产物研究进展

木霉（Trichoderma spp.）是一类自然界广泛存在于土壤中的真菌类群,属于半知菌门（Deuteromycotina）丝孢目（Moniliales）木霉属（Trichoderma sp.）。海洋中的木霉属真菌因其高盐、高压和缺氧的特殊环境,能够产生更多结构新颖、生物活性独特的次生代谢产物。木霉属真菌的次生代谢产物主要包括聚酮、肽类、萜类以及其他类型,这些化合物具有细胞毒、抗菌、酶抑制等多种生物活性。本文综述近十年来海洋来源木霉属真菌中分离的新次生代谢产物,并对这些新化合物的生物活性进行归纳总结。     

一株好氧反硝化菌的降酚特性及反硝化关键酶活性

为了研究菌株Diaphorobacter sp.PD-7在有氧条件下降解低浓度苯酚同时反硝化的特性,采用单因素试验,摇床转速180 r/min时,最佳降酚条件为200 mg/L乙酸钠和300 mg/L苯酚同时作为碳源,培养液初始p H为7.0,温度30℃,20 h内对初始浓度300 mg/L苯酚去除率达97.3%。培养液p H为中性时,硝酸盐还原酶(NAR)与亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)的最适反应温度分别为35℃、40℃。用米门方程对酶促反应动力学模拟,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好,参数分别为Km=0.76μmol/L、vmax=42.02×10-3U/min和Km=1.49μmol/L、vmax=32.79×10-3U/min。推测NIR可能是该菌株反硝化过程中的限速酶,菌株PD-7主要通过细胞同化作用与反硝化作用脱氮,且该菌株有着完整的反硝化途径。