Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

基于CWD和残差收缩网络的调制方式识别方法

针对低信噪比时莱斯信道下特征提取准确性难以保证、识别准确率偏低等问题, 提出一种基于Choi-Williams分布(Choi-Williams distribution, CWD)和深度残差收缩网络(deep residual shrinkage network, DRSN)的通信辐射源信号调制方式识别方法。利用CWD将时域复信号转换为二维时频矩阵, 对深度残差网络添加软阈值化得到DRSN, 将时频矩阵样本用于对DRSN的训练, 最终构建不同信噪比下的调制方式识别网络。仿真实验表明, 基于RadioML2016.10a数据集, 利用部分先验信息的情况下, 该分类识别方法具有较高的识别准确率和噪声鲁棒性。在0 dB时, 对11类信号的总体识别准确率达到了89.95%;在2 dB以上时, 总体识别准确率均超过91%, 优于其他深度学习识别方法。     

软科学作为一个学科门类何以可能

软、硬科学区分的哲学基础是“实证”.软科学从产生以来经历了由科学学到科学社会学,再扩展到科技与社会的历程,科技与社会是软科学的基本研究领域.软科学的三个特点决定它的理论体系具有三个维度,软科学学术队伍可分为三个群体,生存困境产生的原因是学科定位不明确.软科学的学科建设要和科学技术学的学科建设结合起来,这是学界的共识,也是构建和谐社会的要求.     

技术、观念与社会想象——X光知识与技艺在近代中国的传布与接受(1896-1949)

1895年,X光被发现后,相关研究与发明迅速展开,并很快传入中国.有关X光的知识在我国传播虽早,但X光设备除了部分外国人在华所建医院和医学院外,直到20世纪二三十年代在我国传布与使用并不广.其传入中国后,被视为古代中国洞见肺腑的神镜在近代的发明与再现,并被赋予种种社会想象和文化蕴意.研究X光知识与技艺在华的传播过程,可...     

东北地区城市群组城市流强度研究

采用城市流强度的定量分析方法,对东北三个城市群组"辽中南"、"吉中"、"哈大齐"的区位熵、外向功能量和城市流强度进行了计算分析,并基于此提出了城市群组的城市流强化与城市整合对策.结果显示,东北三个城市群组的中心城市均可以分为三类--高等、中等、低等:沈阳、大连、长春和哈尔滨以较大的城市流强度值成为各自城市群组联系的高等级中心;鞍山、丹东、营口、四平、大庆、绥化分别成为各自的中等级中心;其他城市成为各自群组的低等级中心.东北地区城市群组实现城市流强化和城市整合发展的对策为:网络化发展以解决结构与体制的矛盾,合理定向以实现各群组内部城市的整合发展,分等策略以提升城市群组内部的城市流强度.     

软弱土层上沉井施工技术研究

下沉系数K是沉井施工的重要参数,从沉井构造措施及井外堆载等手段调节K值的大小以达到解决软弱层上沉井施工中出现的超沉、突沉、偏沉滑移等施工难题.对涌泥、反涌、喷水冒砂等问题则应用软土地基加固技术来处理,在一些工程施工中取得很好的效果.     

A new twist to the No Miracles Argument for the success of science

J. D. Trout has recently developed a new defense of scientific realism, a new version of the No Miracles Argument. I critically evaluate Trout's novel defense of realism. I argue that Trout's argument for scientific realism and the related explanation for the success of science are self-defeating. In the process of arguing against the traditional realist strategies for explaining the success of science, he inadvertently undermines his own argument.     

Practicality, Positionality, and Emancipation: Reflections on Participatory Action Research with a Watershed Partnership

In the last few decades, there has been a trend towards increased stakeholder and public participation in natural resource management in North America. To a certain extent, the rationale for this trend is found in the complexity and uncertainty of environmental issues, which confront us with the coexistance of multiple legitimate values and perspectives in society. Recognizing this “epistemological plurality” has important implications for both policy and science. In this paper, I critically reflect on my experiences as a doctoral student engaged in participatory action research (PAR) with a watershed partnership in Ontario, Canada. In providing this biographical account, I seek to make a contribution to ongoing discussions regarding the nature, challenges and benefits of this methodological approach for academic research, as well as to emerging debates on PAR in the context of environmental governance and “post-normal” approaches to natural resource management.

Nine new species of the subgenus Stegana (Oxyphortica) from the Oriental region,with morphological and molecular evidence based on Chinese species (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Nine new species of the subgenus Stegana (Oxyphortica) have been discovered from the Oriental Region: S. (O.) chuanjiangi Zhang and Chen, sp. nov., S (O.) dainuo Wang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) dawa Zhang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) laohlie Zhang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) luchun Wang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) mengwan Wang and Chen, sp. nov., S. (O.) triodonta Cheng and Chen, sp. nov. from southern China; S. (O.) dehiscens Cheng and Chen, sp. nov. and S. (O.) spinosa Cheng and Chen, sp. nov. from eastern Malaysia. One newly recorded species from China: S. (O.) maichouensis Sidorenko is re-described. The DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene with BOLD Process ID and GenBank accession numbers are provided for the above seven new species and five known species from China: S. (O.) acutipenis Xu, Gao and Chen, S. (O.) adentata Toda and Peng, S. (O.) hirtipenis Xu, Gao and Chen, S. (O.) latipenis Xu, Gao and Chen, and S. (O.) maichouensis Sidorenko. Intra- and interspecific pairwise K-2P distances among these species are summarized and the phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed based on the neighbour-joining (NJ) analyses.

www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2FA403F6-5535-40A4-9FD0-ADB9913EDE83.