生物医学研究热点及意义

生物医学研究是目前发展最快、令人振奋的科技领域。本文概述了生物医学的发展趋势，并对生物医学前沿领域的研究热点，如基因组、蛋白质组、细胞信号转导机制、干细胞研究、神经科学研究、生物信息学等进行了分析。对生物技术领域的研究热点，如生物芯片技术、高效基因转移系统技术、组织工程技术和干细胞定向分化技术、基因敲除和敲入技术、克隆技术等进行了综述。提出研究中应该注意针对研究热点选题，注意多学科交叉和集团作战，同时注意知识产权保护。     

小麦花粉培养中蔗糖浓度外源激素对启动细胞分裂的作用

以4个小麦品种为材料，对培养基中的蔗糖浓度、外源激素等对离体花粉中小孢子细胞分裂启动的诱导效果进行了研究．结果发现3％的蔗糖浓度适用于小麦花粉培养，而较高蔗糖浓度（9％）不利于花粉培养；蔗糖浓度高于9％时则不能启动花粉粒的脱分化及雄核发育．实验表明，外源激素的存在是花粉脱分化并进入雄核发育的必要条件，2，4－D在诱导花粉粒转向孢子体发育的过程中起主要作用．     

当归水培苗的组织培养

以甘肃漳县当年的当归(Angelicasinensis(Oliv.)Diels)种子经萌发而得的幼嫩水培苗为材料进行组织培养研究,结果表明:最佳诱导愈伤组织的培养基是H 0 5mg/L2,4-D;产生愈伤组织的能力依次是叶柄,根尖,叶片;愈伤组织的最佳增殖培养基是MS 1 0mg/L2,4-D 0 2mg/L6-BA;水培苗的最佳壮苗、增殖培养基是MS 1 0mg/LIAA 300mg/LLH 5 0mg/L6-BA;最佳生根培养基是MS 1 0mg/LIAA 300mg/LLH.     

胡萝卜愈伤组织的诱导及细胞悬浮培养研究

分别以胡萝卜子叶、下胚轴和直根形成层为外植体诱导出愈伤组织,并建立细胞悬浮系.实验结果表明:胡萝卜下胚轴是诱导愈伤组织和进行细胞悬浮培养的理想外植体;诱导松散型愈伤组织的最佳激素浓度配比是1.0mg/L2,4 D+0.5mg/LKT;细胞悬浮培养细胞最佳起始密度为1.125×104个/mL～2.325×104个/50mL时,7d～9d为对数生长期;继代培养4代～5代时,可得到稳定的悬浮细胞系.     

Haversian bone-mimicking bioceramic scaffolds enhancing MSC-macrophage osteo-imunomodulation

The interaction between immune cells and bone forming cells plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the skeletal system, and is regulated by the three-dimensional structure of tissues. Whether the construction of biomaterials can activate or reproduce this spatial “cross-talk” between immune cells and bone forming cells in bone natural formation process is a prerequisite for successful fracture healing and bone regeneration. Herein, a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)/macrophages-laden Haversian bone-mimicking bioceramic scaffold was successfully prepared through the biomimetic design of biomaterials and 3D printing technology. MSCs and macrophages were respectively distributed in the cancellous bone and Haversian canals of the scaffold to simulate the three-dimensional structure regulation of the cell spatial distribution and multiple intercellular interaction in natural bone tissue, and worked in concert to modulate the scaffold material-mediated osteo-immune microenvironment. The in vitro study revealed that the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages was more significantly inhibited when distributed with MSCs in the scaffolds at a cell ratio of 0.5:1 for co-culture, in comparison with multicellular culture at other ratios and unicellular culture. Meanwhile, MSCs exhibited the relatively high osteogenic potential, most likely via the activation of certain key signaling pathways mediated by macrophages-derived paracrine signaling mediators (OSM, BMP-2, and WNT10b). This work not only establishes a bionic platform for the regulation of multicellular osteo-immune response and regeneration but also offers a promising tissue-engineered biomimetic scaffold with improved immunomodulatory function for promoting bone tissue regeneration.     

MTMR14基因缺失促进小鼠成肌细胞增殖和分化

为研究磷酸肌醇磷酸酶肌管相关蛋白14(MTMR14)在骨骼肌发生中的作用,通过组织切片和细胞培养技术研究了MTMR14敲除对骨骼肌的组织结构、成肌细胞分化和增殖的影响.结果表明:MTMR14敲除小鼠的腓肠肌和比目鱼肌的结构较同窝野生型小鼠产生了明显变化,MTMR14敲除小鼠的成肌细胞的分化和增殖成肌小管过程较野生型显著加快.MTMR14基因敲除后小鼠肌管细胞中平均细胞核数显著增加.故MTMR14基因缺失/敲除导致骨骼肌组织结构异常,干扰了骨骼肌肌肉发生过程中的成肌细胞的增殖和分化.     

Receiving mixed signals: uncoupling oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination

The development and maturation of an oligodendroglial cell is comprised of three intimately related processes that include proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. Here we review how proliferation and differentiation are controlled by distinct molecular mechanisms and discuss whether differentiation is merely a default of inhibited proliferation. We then address whether differentiation and myelination can be uncoupled in a similar manner. This task is particularly challenging because an oligodendrocyte cannot myelinate without first differentiating, and these processes are therefore not mutually exclusive. Is it solely the presence of the axon that distinguishes a differentiated oligodendrocyte from a myelinating one? Uncoupling these two processes requires identifying specific signals that regulate myelination without affecting the differentiation process. We will review current understanding of the relationship between differentiation and myelination and discuss whether these two processes can truly be uncoupled.     

菠萝蜜嫩茎离体培养的研究

在成龄的菠萝蜜树茎干上取徒长的嫩茎为外植体,研究了菠萝蜜嫩茎离体培养的条件.结果表明:外植体芽萌发的最适培养基为MS 6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1 KT 1.0 mg.L-1 NAA 0.5mg.L-1;暗培养有助于芽的萌发;芽增殖的较适宜培养基为MS 6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1 KT 1.0mg.L-1 NAA 0.1 mg.L-1,连续培养7代后,其芽的平均增殖系数为4.3;本试验中增殖芽的诱导生根较难,还有待进一步地研究.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒在鸡胚细胞上的优化繁殖

研究了传染性法氏囊病病毒在鸡胚细胞上繁殖上的优化条件，结果表明，鸡胚细胞体外增殖培养后对ＩＢＤＶ的敏感性并不减弱，而且有提高。维持培养基中血清浓度的变化对病毒的繁殖影响不大。     

Galectin-3 stabilizes heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q to maintain proliferation of human colon cancer cells

Comparative analysis of proteomes using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant human colon cancer cell line revealed that decreased galectin-3 expression was significantly associated with retarded proliferation. However, in the presence of 5-FU proliferation rate of cells with suppressed galectin-3 expression did not differ from that of cells with normal galectin-3 expression, even galectin-3 suppression augmented apoptosis. Mechanism by which galectin-3 regulates cancer cell proliferation has been identified in immunoprecipitates of the anti-galectin-3 antibody. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q) was identified as a protein interacting with galectin-3. Interestingly, while galectin-3 protein was not affected by the hnRNP Q level, its suppression was accompanied by a decrease in hnRNP Q expression. The present study demonstrates that galectin-3 stabilizes hnRNP Q via complex formation, and reduction in the hnRNP Q level leads to slow proliferation and less susceptibility to 5-FU. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. B.C.Yoo; S-H.Hong; These two authors contributed equally to this work. Received 10 September 2008; received after revision 19 October 2008; accepted 07 November 2008