系统范式与科学发展观的精髓

以往的发展观的基础主要是进化论。这样一种发展观主要以范畴史来表达,即每一段历史都可以归结为一个集过去之大成的比过去更大的统一体,从而在范畴上,也表现为一个集过去之大成的范畴。这样一种发展观在现实中导致对过去的历史信息和文化信息否定太多。其结果是人为地导致了大量在漫长地质年代中演化生成的人类历史基因和文化基因的破坏甚至灭绝。从复杂性演进的角度看,任何一种历史基因和文化基因同任何一种经过漫长演化才形成的物种的基因相似,在整体文化生态中,它们是环环相扣,相互依存的,任何一个哪怕看起来是多么微不足道的基因的被破坏,都会导致人类整体历史持续发展和科学发展的巨大灾难。当然,同任何物种的消亡相似,其危害性也只有经过漫长的时间才会表现出来。从这个意义说,目前中国政府提出的科学发展观无疑有极其重要的理论意义和现实意义,而这种发展观的精髓正是也只能是系统范式。     

Why the “stimulus-error” did not go away

Psychologists in the early years of the discipline were much concerned with the stimulus-error. Roughly, this is the problem encountered in introspective experiments when subjects are liable to frame their perceptual reports in terms of what they know of the stimulus, instead of just drawing on their perceptual experiences as they are supposedly felt. “Introspectionist” psychologist E. B. Titchener and his student E. G. Boring both argued in the early 20th century that the stimulus-error is a serious methodological pit-fall. While many of the theoretical suppositions motivating Titchener and Boring have been unfashionable since the rise of behaviourism, the stimulus-error brings our attention to one matter of perennial importance to psychophysics and the psychology of perception. This is the fact that subjects are liable to give different kinds of perceptual reports in response to the same stimulus. I discuss attempts to control for variable reports in recent experimental work on colour and lightness constancy, and the disputes that have arisen over which kinds of reports are legitimate. Some contemporary psychologists do warn us against a stimulus-error, even though they do not use this terminology. I argue that concern over the stimulus-error is diagnostic of psychologists' deep theoretical commitments, such as their conception of sensation, or their demarcation of perception from cognition. I conclude by discussing the relevance of this debate to current philosophy of perception.     

融数学史于数学分析教学中

本文结合具体的概念、定理、数学家的事迹和有关历史事件,说明在数学分析教学中融入数学史的知识,对数学分析课程的教学和学生学习的重要性.     

Thermal ecology,activity pattern,habitat, and microhabitats used by the skink Mabuya arajara (Squamata: Scincidae) in the Araripe Plateau,northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the activity period, thermal ecology, habitats, and preference for microhabitats of the skink Mabuya arajara in a humid forest environment on the slope of the Araripe Plateau, Brazil. A total of 283 lizards were observed. The lizards were found to be diurnally active (unimodal type pattern), with peak activity during the hottest hours of the day (1100 to 1200). About habitat use, the majority of individuals (73.8% N = 209) were recorded in the narrow transitional area, in the edges of the forest; while 26.4% of individuals were observed in open areas and no observations were made in dense forest. Seven different types of microhabitats were used, with fallen palm leaves (Arecaceae) being the preferred (47.7% N = 135). Considering all lizards, microhabitat niche breadth was 3.27. Males and females presented a high overlap (0.95) in microhabitat use. The average T_c recorded for M. arajara was 32.06 ± 2.72°C. Body size (SVL) did not influence body temperature (F = 0.51, P = > 0.05). Most of the animals were observed with their bodies completely exposed (67.84%, N = 192), 18.37% (N = 52) were semi-exposed and 13.79% (N = 39) were in shelters. Among animals with some degree of sunlight exposure, 57.59% (N = 163) were in shadows, 25.10% (N = 71) were under sunlight filtered by vegetation, and 17.31% (N = 49) were under direct sunlight.A review of the ecology of Mabuya spp. shows that several features appear to be conserved among members of the genus.     

The Left Vienna Circle, Part 1. Carnap, Neurath, and the Left Vienna Circle thesis

Recent scholarship resuscitates the history and philosophy of a ‘left wing’ in the Vienna Circle, offering a counterhistory to the conventional image of analytic philosophy as politically conformist. This paper disputes the historical claim that early logical empiricists developed a political philosophy of science. Though some individuals in the Vienna Circle, including Rudolf Carnap and Otto Neurath, believed strongly in the importance of science to social progress, they did not construct a political philosophy of science. Both Carnap and Neurath were committed to forms of political neutralism that run strongly against a political reading of their logical empiricism. In addition, Carnap and Neurath sharply differ on precisely the subject of the place of politics in logical empiricism, throwing into question the construct of the ‘Left Vienna Circle’ as a coherent, sociohistorical, programmatic unit within the Vienna Circle.     

《心灵史》:辉煌壮烈的民族史诗——张承志小说论之八

《心灵史》是一部溶历史、文学、宗教于一体的辉煌壮烈的民族史诗。在这部深沉凝重的奇书中 ,张承志不仅第一次披露和揭示了生活在西北黄土高原腹地的鲜为人知的“血脖子教”哲合忍耶的隐秘的历史、勇于牺牲的精神和坚韧不拔的民族品格 ,同时也为自己寻找到了心灵的最后皈依     

新时期加强高校院系党总支秘书队伍建设的思考

院系党总支秘书队伍作为高校党建工作的骨干力量具有举足轻重的作用,但却一直得不到应有的重视。本文分析了当前高校院系党总支秘书队伍建设中存在的问题,并从提高思想认识、抓好人员配备、明确岗位职责、加强培训教育、提高薪酬待遇等五个方面提出对策。     

Defining disposition concepts: A brief history of the problem

The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, I give a brief account of the history of the debate on the problem of defining disposition concepts from its beginning in the late 1920s until today. This account is divided into four parts, corresponding with 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the paper, each of which deals with a major period of the debate. Section 2 reports up to the mid-1950s. Section 3 deals with important contributions to the discussion between 1955 and 1958. However, the progress made around that time was far ahead of the logical theory and techniques which were needed for foundational reasons and for a better understanding of the basic notions. Some logical techniques appropriate for that aim were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Though not uncontroversial, those logical techniques resulted in improvements of the insights gained in the mid-1950s; I shall report on those logical techniques and their application to the problem of defining disposition concepts in Section 4. In the early 1990s, however, the whole tradition of defining disposition concepts in terms of conditionals has been challenged by some strong counter-examples which are treated in Section 5. Finally, the second of the aims of this paper is explored in Section 6, in which I sketch very briefly the current stage of the debate by discussing and evaluating the most recent approaches to the subject.     

“中国与周边国家关系：以对外开放为中心”学术讨论会综述

“中国与周边国家关系：以对外开放为中心”学术讨论会，是一次高水平的学术盛会。会议代表提交的65份论文或论文提要，分别研究了跨地区问题、云南地区问题、东北亚地区问题、东南亚地区问题、欧洲地区问题、印巴地区问题、中亚地区问题与其他方面的问题。一些论文采用新的研究方法，具有新视角，提出的观点或披露材料亦多有新意。会议论文大致反映了中国中外关系史近年发展的趋势。