“花柳病”概念探源补遗

当今我国学者普遍将花柳病等同于性病,认为花柳病是性病在旧社会的称谓或者是一种民间称法。本文通过对花柳病概念进行溯源,认为这种看法是缺乏历史依据的:花柳一词作为对妓女等的雅称始于唐代,但是作为一种疾病的名称则始于日本,自19世纪中后期被引入中国之后,它又经历了近代医学的洗礼和改造,成为了一个充满本土感的近代词汇。     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

传统与当代——中国科技史研究浅识

从中国科学院成立“自然科学史研究室”,到自然科学史研究所成立“中国传统科技文明研究中心”的几十年中,中国科学技术史研究的取向有了相当大的变化.从最初单纯的为科学辩护,为中国文化辩护,到研究科学、技术与社会发展的关系,研究科技战略、科学文化等,向多元化取向发展.     

New theories for new instruments: Fabrizio Mordente's proportional compass and the genesis of Giordano Bruno's atomist geometry

The aim of this article is to shed light on an understudied aspect of Giordano Bruno's intellectual biography, namely, his career as a mathematical practitioner. Early interpreters, especially, have criticized Bruno's mathematics for being “outdated” or too “concrete”. However, thanks to developments in the study of early modern mathematics and the rediscovery of Bruno's first mathematical writings (four dialogues on Fabrizio's Mordente proportional compass), we are in a position to better understand Bruno's mathematics. In particular, this article aims to reopen the question of whether Bruno anticipated the concept of infinitesimal quantity. It does so by providing an analysis of the dialogues on Mordente's compass and of the historical circumstances under which those dialogues were written.     

The silence of the norms: The missing historiography of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

History has been disparaged since the late 19th century for not conforming to norms of scientific explanation. Nonetheless, as a matter of fact a work of history upends the regnant philosophical conception of science in the second part of the 20th century. Yet despite its impact, Kuhn’s Structure has failed to motivate philosophers to ponder why works of history should be capable of exerting rational influence on an understanding of philosophy of science. But all this constitutes a great irony and a mystery. The mystery consists of the persistence of a complete lack of interest in efforts to theorize historical explanation. Fundamental questions regarding why an historical account could have any rational influence remain not merely unanswered, but unasked. The irony arises from the fact that analytic philosophy of history went into an eclipse where it remains until this day just around the time that the influence of Kuhn’s great work began to make itself felt. This paper highlights puzzles long ignored regarding the challenges a work of history managed to pose to the epistemic authority of science, and what this might imply generally for the place of philosophy of history vis-à-vis the problems of philosophy.     

《自然科学史研究》引文分析

采用引文分析方法,对《自然科学史研究》1995年~2005年间刊载论文的引文量、篇均引文、引文语种、普赖斯指数、自引情况进行了统计分析,得出了相应的结论.     

Maxwell's color statistics: From reduction of visible errors to reduction to invisible molecules

This paper presents a cross-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary account of Maxwell's introduction of statistical models of molecules for the composition of gases. The account focuses on Maxwell's deployment of statistical models of data in his contemporaneous color researches as established in Cambridge mathematical physics, especially by Maxwell's seniors and mentors. The paper also argues that the cross-disciplinary, or cross-domain, transfer of resources from the natural and social sciences took place in both directions and relied on the complex intra-disciplinary, or intra-domain, dynamics of Maxwell's researches in natural sciences, in color theory, physical astronomy, electromagnetism and dynamical theory of gases, as well as involving a variety of types of communicating and mediating media, from material objects to concepts, techniques and institutions.     

魏源与现代意义上的湘西

魏源是我国十九世纪四十年代＂开眼看世界＂的第一批先进人物,他一生硕果累累。在哲学、文学、地理和方志很多方面都作出了杰出的贡献。身为湘西人,魏源与现代意义上的湘西有着不解之缘,主要体现在三个方面：魏源是现代意义上的湘西人;他的《圣武记》卷七对现代意义上湘西的乾嘉苗民起义进行了具体的载述,为清中叶划分提供了充分的史料依据;审定刊校了道光本的《凤凰厅志》。     

强化德育渗透理念,提高《纲要》教学实效性

《纲要》作为新开设的高校政治理论课,兼具思想政治教育的主题功能和历史专业的学科背景,要取得良好的教学效果,真正达到教学目的,就必须切实提高其课程教学的实效性。这就需要探索出一套有效的教学方法和路径,在教育理念上以凸显爱国主义为主题,在教学取向中以道德渗透为目的,在教学过程中以方法创新为手段,在教学环节上以实践跟进为保障。     

当代中国史研究中的口述史问题：学科与方法

在当代中国史研究中，口述史是一个二重概念。它既是一套学术体系或日学科，又是一种方法论。作为学科的口述史与作为方法的口述史在运用方式上有同构性，但在研究理念上则有质的不同。有关回忆录、访谈录等是否算作口述史以及国史研究中的口述史是否可信等问题的争论，实质上是没有区分作为学科的口述史与作为方法的口述史的差别。口述史学是“记忆中的历史”，口述史料是文献资料的补充。